Abstract
Abstract Plant-bacteria indirect interaction is a naturally occurring phenomenon however many aspects of this interaction remain unclear. In this study, the effects of bacterial inoculation were investigated by tissue culture experiments as indirect application to compare rice growth in saline conditions. Four isolates applied indirectly had 1.5-times greater shoot dry mass of rice under 100 mM NaCl treatment. The isolates were identified using 16S rRNA sequencing, with sequences of type strains from the genus Stenotrophomonas aligned using MEGA11, followed by model testing and phylogenetic tree construction. HS-SPME/GC–MS experiment was performed to identify the microbial volatile organic compounds that possibly contribute to the effect of indirect application. A total of 23 compounds were detected with chemical classifications: benzenoids, alkylbenzenes, esters, thioesters, sulfur compounds, amines, organosilicon, alcohols, diakyl ketone, methyl ketone, sulfides, sulfide thioesters, and ketone sulfones. Ten compounds were selected based on GC peak area. Commercially available counterparts of selected VOCs were indirectly applied using concentrations at 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, and 1 M. Shoot dry weight was greater when rice seedlings were exposed to the commercially purchased 1-Butanol, 2-methyl-, (S)- (2 MB), detected in the HS-SPME/GC–MS of Stenotrophomonas sp. broth culture. Element analysis revealed significantly higher Mn, Fe, Zn shoot concentration in the rice seedlings exposed to 2 MB compared to seedlings grown in 100 mM NaCl without VOC exposure. The seedlings grown in 100 mM NaCl also had lower K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cu shoot element concentrations. Significant relative gene expressions of OsYSL15 , OsNAS1 , OsNAS2, and OsRMC were observed in shoot rice seedlings exposed to 2 MB in saline conditions. Thus, indirect interaction of environmental bacteria can influence plant physiology via microbial volatile organic compounds.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Four bacterial isolates increased rice shoot dry mass 1.5-fold under 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Four isolates applied indirectlye0
- Outcome
- shoot dry masse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 1.5-timese0
- Qualifier
- 100 mM NaCl treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Four isolates applied indirectly had 1.5-times greater shoot dry mass of rice under 100 mM NaCl treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The bacterial cultures yielded 23 detected volatile compounds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- compoundse0
- Value
- 23 compoundse0
- Qualifier
- benzenoids, alkylbenzenes, esters, thioesters, sulfur compounds, amines, organosilicon, alcohols, diakyl ketone, methyl ketone, sulfides, sulfide thioesters, and ketone sulfonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 23 compounds were detected with chemical classifications: benzenoids, alkylbenzenes, esters, thioesters, sulfur compounds, amines, organosilicon, alcohols, diakyl ketone, methyl ketone, sulfides, sulfide thioesters, and ketone sulfones”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to 2 MB increased rice seedling shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 1-Butanol, 2-methyl-, (S)- (2 MB)e0
- Interactor
- Stenotrophomonas sp.
Stenotrophomonase0othere1 - Outcome
- Shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot dry weight was greater when rice seedlings were exposed to the commercially purchased 1-Butanol, 2-methyl-, (S)- (2 MB), detected in the HS-SPME/GC–MS of Stenotrophomonas sp. broth culture”
e1“Stenotrophomonas sp. broth culture”
Claim · model-written summary
2 MB exposure increased rice shoot Mn, Fe, and Zn concentrations under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 2 MBe0
- Outcome
- Mn, Fe, Zn shoot concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- seedlings grown in 100 mM NaCl without VOC exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly higher Mn, Fe, Zn shoot concentration in the rice seedlings exposed to 2 MB compared to seedlings grown in 100 mM NaCl without VOC exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice seedlings grown in 100 mM NaCl had lower K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cu shoot concentrations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cu shoot element concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedlings grown in 100 mM NaCl also had lower K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cu shoot element concentrations”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
2 MB exposure under salinity produced significant expression responses in OsYSL15, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, and OsRMC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- 2 MBe0
- Gene
- OsYSL15 , OsNAS1 , OsNAS2, and OsRMCe0
- Outcome
- relative gene expressionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant relative gene expressions of OsYSL15 , OsNAS1 , OsNAS2, and OsRMC were observed in shoot rice seedlings exposed to 2 MB in saline conditions”