Abstract
Optimized water-saving irrigation (WSI) practices are critical for enhancing resource use efficiency and ensuring sustainable wheat production in water-scarce regions. This meta-analysis quantitatively assessed the effects of various WSI methods on wheat yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) across China's wheat regions. The results showed that optimized irrigation, particularly drip and micro-sprinkler systems, significantly reduced irrigation water and nitrogen inputs by 35.1% and 7.2%, respectively, without yield penalties. Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation, which together accounted for over 97% of observations, improved WUE by 18.7% and 10.1%, respectively, and increased PFPN by 6.8% and 5.5%, highlighting their dominant role in current WSI practices. Moderate deficit irrigation (60-100% of full irrigation) optimized WUE and PFPN while maintaining stable yields, whereas severe deficit irrigation (<40%) caused substantial yield losses. Soil texture and bulk density strongly modulated WSI effectiveness. Climatic factors, particularly growing season precipitation, negatively correlated with WSI benefits, highlighting enhanced efficiency gains under drier conditions. These findings emphasize the need to prioritize drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation in national water-saving strategies and advocate for integrated approaches combining WSI with soil health management and site-specific irrigation scheduling to promote sustainable wheat intensification under variable agroecological conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized irrigation reduced irrigation water input by 35.1%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- optimized irrigatione0
- Outcome
- irrigation watere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimized irrigation, particularly drip and micro-sprinkler systems, significantly reduced irrigation water and nitrogen inputs by 35.1% and 7.2%, respectively, without yield penalties.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized irrigation reduced nitrogen input by 7.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- optimized irrigatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen inputse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimized irrigation, particularly drip and micro-sprinkler systems, significantly reduced irrigation water and nitrogen inputs by 35.1% and 7.2%, respectively, without yield penalties.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized irrigation had no yield penalty.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- optimized irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yield penaltiese0
- Direction
- withoute0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimized irrigation, particularly drip and micro-sprinkler systems, significantly reduced irrigation water and nitrogen inputs by 35.1% and 7.2%, respectively, without yield penalties.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation improved water use efficiency by 18.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation, which together accounted for over 97% of observations, improved WUE by 18.7% and 10.1%, respectively, and increased PFPN by 6.8% and 5.5%”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro-sprinkler irrigation improved water use efficiency by 10.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- micro-sprinkler irrigatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation, which together accounted for over 97% of observations, improved WUE by 18.7% and 10.1%, respectively, and increased PFPN by 6.8% and 5.5%”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased nitrogen partial factor productivity by 6.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation, which together accounted for over 97% of observations, improved WUE by 18.7% and 10.1%, respectively, and increased PFPN by 6.8% and 5.5%”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Micro-sprinkler irrigation increased nitrogen partial factor productivity by 5.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- micro-sprinkler irrigatione0
- Outcome
- PFPNe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation, which together accounted for over 97% of observations, improved WUE by 18.7% and 10.1%, respectively, and increased PFPN by 6.8% and 5.5%”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate deficit irrigation optimized WUE and PFPN.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate deficit irrigation (60-100% of full irrigation)e0
- Outcome
- WUE and PFPNe0
- Direction
- optimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate deficit irrigation (60-100% of full irrigation) optimized WUE and PFPN while maintaining stable yields”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate deficit irrigation maintained stable wheat yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate deficit irrigation (60-100% of full irrigation)e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- stablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moderate deficit irrigation (60-100% of full irrigation) optimized WUE and PFPN while maintaining stable yields”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe deficit irrigation caused substantial yield losses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- severe deficit irrigation (<40%)e0
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- lossese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe deficit irrigation (<40%) caused substantial yield losses.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil texture and bulk density modulated irrigation effectiveness.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- WSI effectivenesse0
- Qualifier
- Soil texture and bulk densitye0
- Setting
- Soil texturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil texture and bulk density strongly modulated WSI effectiveness.”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing-season precipitation correlated negatively with water-saving irrigation benefits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- WSI benefitse0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Setting
- growing season precipitatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Climatic factors, particularly growing season precipitation, negatively correlated with WSI benefits”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend prioritizing drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- prioritize drip and micro-sprinkler irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings emphasize the need to prioritize drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation in national water-saving strategies”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advocate integrated irrigation, soil health and site-specific scheduling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- integrated approaches combining WSI with soil health management and site-specific irrigation schedulinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“advocate for integrated approaches combining WSI with soil health management and site-specific irrigation scheduling”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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