Abstract
Introduction: To examine the impacts of varied water and nitroge combinations on wheat yield and quality under drip irrigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021. Methods: Traditional irrigation and fertilization methods served as the control (CK), with two nitrogen application rates set: N1 (180 kg/ha) and N2 (210 kg/ha). The irrigation schedules were differentiated by growth stages: jointing, anthesis (S2); jointing, anthesis, and filling (S3); and jointing, booting, anthesis, and filling (S4), at soil depths of 0-10 cm (M1) and 0-20 cm (M2). Results: Results indicated that compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively, increased the average plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) and irrigation use efficiency (IUE) by 57.5% and 38.2%, and 62.2% and 35.8%, respectively. The gluten content (GC) of 3 irrigations was 1.6% higher than CK, and other metrics such as dough tenacity (DT), softness (ST), water absorption (WAS), and gluten hardness (GH) also showed improvements. Furthermore, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and total starch under 3 irrigations significantly increased by 9.4%, 11.4%, and 9.8%, respectively, with higher than 4 irrigations. The crude protein content and soluble sugar content in 3 irrigations rose by 6.5% and 9.8% respectively over two years. These irrigation treatments also optimized gelatinization characteristics of grains, such as breakdown viscosity (BDV), consistency peak viscosity (CPV), consistency setback viscosity (CSV), pasting temperature (PeT), and pasting time (PaT). Discussion: The study demonstrated that appropriate drip irrigation can effectively synchronize water and nitrogen supply during critical growth stages in winter wheat, ensuring robust late-stage development and efficient transfer of photosynthetic products into the grains, thus enhancing grain mass and yield. This also led to improved utilization of water and fertilizer and enhanced the nutritional and processing quality of the grain. However, excessive irrigation did not further improve grain quality. In conclusion, given the goals of saving water and fertilizer, achieving excellent yield, and ensuring high quality, the N1S3M1 treatment is recommended as an effective production management strategy in the Huang-Huai Hai area; N1S3M2 could be considered in years of water scarcity.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Three irrigations improved grain yield by 8.0% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- 3 and 4 times irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- grain yield (GY)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 8.0%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
- Setting
- Huang-Huai-Hai areae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Four irrigations improved grain yield by 13.6% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 4 times irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- grain yield (GY)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 13.6%e1
- Comparator
- CKe1
- Setting
- Huang-Huai-Hai areae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Three irrigations increased PFPN by 57.5% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 and 4 times irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 57.5%e3
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
e3“increased the average plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) and irrigation use efficiency (IUE) by 57.5% and 38.2%, and 62.2% and 35.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Three irrigations increased IUE by 38.2% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 and 4 times irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- irrigation use efficiency (IUE)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 38.2%e3
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
e3“increased the average plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) and irrigation use efficiency (IUE) by 57.5% and 38.2%, and 62.2% and 35.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Four irrigations increased PFPN by 62.2% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 and 4 times irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 62.2%e3
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
e3“increased the average plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) and irrigation use efficiency (IUE) by 57.5% and 38.2%, and 62.2% and 35.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Four irrigations increased IUE by 35.8% compared with CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 and 4 times irrigation treatmentse1
- Outcome
- irrigation use efficiency (IUE)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 35.8%e3
- Comparator
- CKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“compared to CK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
e3“increased the average plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) and irrigation use efficiency (IUE) by 57.5% and 38.2%, and 62.2% and 35.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Gluten content under three irrigations was 1.6% higher than CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse5
- Outcome
- gluten content (GC)e5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 1.6%e5
- Comparator
- CKe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The gluten content (GC) of 3 irrigations was 1.6% higher than CK, and other metrics such as dough tenacity (DT), softness (ST), water absorption (WAS), and gluten hardness (GH) also showed improvements”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Under three irrigations dough tenacity, softness and water absorption also showed improvements relative to CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse5
- Outcome
- dough tenacity (DT), softness (ST), water absorption (WAS)e5
- Direction
- showed improvementse5
- Comparator
- CKe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The gluten content (GC) of 3 irrigations was 1.6% higher than CK, and other metrics such as dough tenacity (DT), softness (ST), water absorption (WAS), and gluten hardness (GH) also showed improvements”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Under three irrigations gluten hardness also showed improvements relative to CK.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse5
- Outcome
- gluten hardness (GH)e5
- Direction
- showed improvementse5
- Comparator
- CKe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The gluten content (GC) of 3 irrigations was 1.6% higher than CK, and other metrics such as dough tenacity (DT), softness (ST), water absorption (WAS), and gluten hardness (GH) also showed improvements”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Amylose content under three irrigations significantly increased by 9.4% compared with four irrigations.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse4
- Outcome
- amylosee4
- Direction
- significantly increasede4
- Value
- 9.4%e4
- Comparator
- 4 irrigationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and total starch under 3 irrigations significantly increased by 9.4%, 11.4%, and 9.8%, respectively, with higher than 4 irrigations”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Amylopectin content under three irrigations significantly increased by 11.4% compared with four irrigations.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse4
- Outcome
- amylopectine4
- Direction
- significantly increasede4
- Value
- 11.4%e4
- Comparator
- 4 irrigationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and total starch under 3 irrigations significantly increased by 9.4%, 11.4%, and 9.8%, respectively, with higher than 4 irrigations”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Total starch under three irrigations significantly increased by 9.8% compared with four irrigations.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse4
- Outcome
- total starche4
- Direction
- significantly increasede4
- Value
- 9.8%e4
- Comparator
- 4 irrigationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and total starch under 3 irrigations significantly increased by 9.4%, 11.4%, and 9.8%, respectively, with higher than 4 irrigations”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude protein content under three irrigations rose by 6.5% over two years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse4
- Outcome
- crude protein contente4
- Direction
- rosee4
- Value
- 6.5%e4
- Qualifier
- over two yearse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The crude protein content and soluble sugar content in 3 irrigations rose by 6.5% and 9.8% respectively over two years”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar content under three irrigations rose by 9.8% over two years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 3 irrigationse4
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente4
- Direction
- rosee4
- Value
- 9.8%e4
- Qualifier
- over two yearse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The crude protein content and soluble sugar content in 3 irrigations rose by 6.5% and 9.8% respectively over two years”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation treatments optimized breakdown, consistency peak and consistency setback viscosity of grain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- irrigation treatmentse4
- Outcome
- breakdown viscosity (BDV), consistency peak viscosity (CPV), consistency setback viscosity (CSV)e4
- Direction
- optimizede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These irrigation treatments also optimized gelatinization characteristics of grains, such as breakdown viscosity (BDV), consistency peak viscosity (CPV), consistency setback viscosity (CSV), pasting temperature (PeT), and pasting time (PaT)”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation treatments optimized pasting temperature and pasting time of grain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- irrigation treatmentse4
- Outcome
- pasting temperature (PeT), and pasting time (PaT)e4
- Direction
- optimizede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These irrigation treatments also optimized gelatinization characteristics of grains, such as breakdown viscosity (BDV), consistency peak viscosity (CPV), consistency setback viscosity (CSV), pasting temperature (PeT), and pasting time (PaT)”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive irrigation did not further improve grain quality.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- excessive irrigatione4
- Outcome
- grain qualitye4
- Direction
- did not further improvee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“However, excessive irrigation did not further improve grain quality”
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend the N1S3M1 treatment as an effective production management strategy in the Huang-Huai Hai area.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- N1S3M1 treatmente4
- Setting
- Huang-Huai Hai areae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
e4“the N1S3M1 treatment is recommended as an effective production management strategy in the Huang-Huai Hai area”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest N1S3M2 could be considered in years of water scarcity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- N1S3M2e4
- Qualifier
- in years of water scarcitye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021”
e4“N1S3M2 could be considered in years of water scarcity”
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