Abstract
• Moderate soil drying mitigates heat stress on pistil fertilization in PTGMS rice better than conventional well-watered method. • Moderate soil drying maintains water and redox homeostasis in PTGMS rice plants under heat stress. • Brassinosteroids mediate the effectiveness of moderate soil drying in alleviating heat stress on PTGMS rice. Globally recurrent extreme high temperature (HT) events severely limit rice production. This study investigated whether a controlled moderate soil drying (MD) could replace the conventional well-watered (WW) regime to more effectively mitigate HT stress on pistil fertilization in photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice, and examined the role of brassinosteroids (BRs). Two PTGMS rice varieties were cultivated under normal temperature (NT) and HT conditions, paired WW and MD strategies during anthesis. In conventional WW regime, waterlogging reduces BRs levels in roots and pistils due to excessive decomposition, weakening active water uptake driven by root activity and failing to alleviate transpiration-pulled passive water extraction hampered by restricted stomatal openings. Thereby, it causes water imbalance in plants and weakened pistil function due to a suppressed ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle and hyperactive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) activity. This exacerbates pistil fertilization impairment and hybrid seed yield loss under HT stress. Conversely, by promoting BR synthesis and inhibiting its decomposition in roots and pistils, the MD strategy enhanced root activity and transpiration-driven water uptake. It maintained plant water balance and supported pistil function through suppressed NOX activity and an enhanced AsA-GSH cycle-driven redox homeostasis. Thus, it mitigated HT-induced pistil fertilization impairment and hybrid seed yield loss. The precise function of BRs in moderating the protective effects of MD against the detrimental impacts of HT stress on pistil fertilization in PTGMS rice was confirmed through genetic and chemical approaches. Consequently, a controlled MD method proved to be more effective than the conventional WW regime in alleviating HT stress on pistil fertilization in PTGMS rice by promoting BR enhancement.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
In well-watered rice, waterlogging reduced BR levels in roots and pistils.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- roots and pistilse1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- BRs levelse1
- Direction
- reducese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“In conventional WW regime, waterlogging reduces BRs levels in roots and pistils due to excessive decomposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging weakened active water uptake driven by root activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- active water uptakee1
- Qualifier
- driven by root activitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“waterlogging reduces BRs levels in roots and pistils due to excessive decomposition, weakening active water uptake driven by root activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under well-watered heat stress, restricted stomatal openings hampered transpiration-pulled passive water extraction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- transpiration-pulled passive water extractione1
- Qualifier
- restricted stomatal openingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“transpiration-pulled passive water extraction hampered by restricted stomatal openings”
Claim · model-written summary
The well-watered regime caused plant water imbalance under heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- conventional WW regimee1
- Outcome
- water imbalancee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“In conventional WW regime”
e2“it causes water imbalance in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The well-watered regime weakened pistil function through a suppressed AsA-GSH cycle and hyperactive NOX activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- conventional WW regimee1
- Outcome
- pistil functione2
- Qualifier
- suppressed ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle and hyperactive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) activitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“In conventional WW regime”
e2“weakened pistil function due to a suppressed ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle and hyperactive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, the well-watered regime exacerbated pistil fertilization impairment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- conventional WW regimee1
- Outcome
- pistil fertilization impairmente2
- Direction
- exacerbatese2
- Qualifier
- under HT stresse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“In conventional WW regime”
e2“This exacerbates pistil fertilization impairment and hybrid seed yield loss under HT stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, the well-watered regime exacerbated hybrid seed yield loss.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- conventional WW regimee1
- Outcome
- hybrid seed yield losse2
- Direction
- exacerbatese2
- Qualifier
- under HT stresse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“In conventional WW regime”
e2“This exacerbates pistil fertilization impairment and hybrid seed yield loss under HT stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying promoted BR synthesis in roots and pistils.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and pistilse1
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- BR synthesise1
- Direction
- promotinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“by promoting BR synthesis and inhibiting its decomposition in roots and pistils, the MD strategy”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying inhibited BR decomposition in roots and pistils.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and pistilse1
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- its decompositione1
- Direction
- inhibitinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“by promoting BR synthesis and inhibiting its decomposition in roots and pistils, the MD strategy”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying enhanced root activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- root activitye1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity and transpiration-driven water uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying enhanced transpiration-driven water uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- transpiration-driven water uptakee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity and transpiration-driven water uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying maintained plant water balance under heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- plant water balancee2
- Direction
- maintainede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity”
e2“It maintained plant water balance and supported pistil function through suppressed NOX activity and an enhanced AsA-GSH cycle-driven redox homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying suppressed NOX activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- NOX activitye2
- Direction
- suppressede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity”
e2“suppressed NOX activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying enhanced AsA-GSH cycle-driven redox homeostasis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- AsA-GSH cycle-driven redox homeostasise2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity”
e2“an enhanced AsA-GSH cycle-driven redox homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying supported pistil function under heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- pistil functione2
- Direction
- supportede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity”
e2“supported pistil function through suppressed NOX activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying mitigated heat-induced pistil fertilization impairment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- HT-induced pistil fertilization impairmente2
- Direction
- mitigatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity”
e2“it mitigated HT-induced pistil fertilization impairment and hybrid seed yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate soil drying mitigated hybrid seed yield loss under heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MD strategye1
- Outcome
- hybrid seed yield losse2
- Direction
- mitigatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“the MD strategy enhanced root activity”
e2“it mitigated HT-induced pistil fertilization impairment and hybrid seed yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic and chemical approaches confirmed a role for BRs in moderate soil drying protection of pistil fertilization.
Verbatim
e0“photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile (PTGMS) rice”
e1“The precise function of BRs in moderating the protective effects of MD against the detrimental impacts of HT stress on pistil fertilization in PTGMS rice was confirmed through genetic and chemical approaches”
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