Abstract
Background: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a high-quality legume forage. Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant productivity. Approximately half of global arable soils exhibit available-P deficiency, constraining plants growth and yield. This study aimed to explore how hormones mediate the responses of alfalfa to phosphate starvation. Methods: We studied the morphological and physiological changes alfalfa (Zhongmu No.3) seedlings treated with auxin, ethylene and gibberellin under conditions of phosphate deficiency. 20-day-old alfalfa seedlings were exposed to varying concentrations of hormones in Hoagland solution. Changes in root morphology, photosynthesis, physiological characters and the levels of phosphate starvation induced (PSI) genes expression were monitored. Result: IAA stimulated lateral-root growth (1.16-fold vs. control), up-regulated the organic phosphate transporter (PHT1-4) and purple acid phosphatase (PAP23) and inhibited primary-root elongation. Ethylene promoted the growth of root hairs and 10 μM aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) increased the elongation of roots and their surface area.1 μM ACC boosted shoot and root acid phosphatase activity and up-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), whereas 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3) promoted stem and leaf growth, increasing stem diameter by 16.10% and leaf area by 36.90%, while elevating sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) content and DELLA expression. There was a strong negative correlation (-0.79) between the plant height and root-to-shoot ratio and a positive correlation (0.62) between the number of lateral roots and the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) in the roots. The most effective concentrations of hormones was 1 μM ACC, which enhanced the plant height, stem diameter, lateral root formation, chlorophyll biosynthesis and nitrogen content and induced the levels of expression of PSI and key genes in hormone signaling.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
IAA increased lateral root growth 1.16-fold versus control.
- Taxon
- Alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Organ / stage
- lateral-roote0
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- lateral-root growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 1.16-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IAA stimulated lateral-root growth (1.16-fold vs. control), up-regulated the organic phosphate transporter (PHT1-4) and purple acid phosphatase (PAP23) and inhibited primary-root elongation.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA up-regulated PHT1-4 and PAP23.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Gene
- organic phosphate transporter (PHT1-4) and purple acid phosphatase (PAP23)e0
- Outcome
- PHT1-4) and purple acid phosphatase (PAP23e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IAA stimulated lateral-root growth (1.16-fold vs. control), up-regulated the organic phosphate transporter (PHT1-4) and purple acid phosphatase (PAP23) and inhibited primary-root elongation.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA inhibited primary root elongation.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- IAAe0
- Outcome
- primary-root elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IAA stimulated lateral-root growth (1.16-fold vs. control), up-regulated the organic phosphate transporter (PHT1-4) and purple acid phosphatase (PAP23) and inhibited primary-root elongation.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene promoted root hair growth.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Ethylenee0
- Outcome
- growth of root hairse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene promoted the growth of root hairs and 10 μM aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) increased the elongation of roots and their surface area.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
10 μM ACC increased root elongation and root surface area.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 10 μM aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- elongation of roots and their surface areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene promoted the growth of root hairs and 10 μM aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) increased the elongation of roots and their surface area.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
1 μM ACC increased shoot and root acid phosphatase activity.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 μM ACCe0
- Outcome
- shoot and root acid phosphatase activitye0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 μM ACC boosted shoot and root acid phosphatase activity and up-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), whereas 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3) promoted stem and leaf growth, increasing stem diameter by 16.10% and leaf area by 36.90%, while elevating sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) content and DELLA expression.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
1 μM ACC up-regulated ACO.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 μM ACCe0
- Gene
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO)e0
- Outcome
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO)e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 μM ACC boosted shoot and root acid phosphatase activity and up-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), whereas 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3) promoted stem and leaf growth, increasing stem diameter by 16.10% and leaf area by 36.90%, while elevating sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) content and DELLA expression.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
5 μM GA3 increased stem diameter by 16.10%.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3)e0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 16.10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 μM ACC boosted shoot and root acid phosphatase activity and up-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), whereas 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3) promoted stem and leaf growth, increasing stem diameter by 16.10% and leaf area by 36.90%, while elevating sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) content and DELLA expression.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
5 μM GA3 increased leaf area by 36.90%.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3)e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 36.90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 μM ACC boosted shoot and root acid phosphatase activity and up-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), whereas 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3) promoted stem and leaf growth, increasing stem diameter by 16.10% and leaf area by 36.90%, while elevating sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) content and DELLA expression.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
5 μM GA3 elevated SQD2 content.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3)e0
- Outcome
- sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) contente0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 μM ACC boosted shoot and root acid phosphatase activity and up-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), whereas 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3) promoted stem and leaf growth, increasing stem diameter by 16.10% and leaf area by 36.90%, while elevating sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) content and DELLA expression.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
5 μM GA3 elevated DELLA expression.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3)e0
- Gene
- DELLAe0
- Outcome
- DELLA expressione0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 μM ACC boosted shoot and root acid phosphatase activity and up-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO), whereas 5 μM gibberellin A3 (GA3) promoted stem and leaf growth, increasing stem diameter by 16.10% and leaf area by 36.90%, while elevating sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQD2) content and DELLA expression.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height was negatively correlated with root-to-shoot ratio (−0.79).
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root-to-shoot ratioe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- -0.79e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a strong negative correlation (-0.79) between the plant height and root-to-shoot ratio and a positive correlation (0.62) between the number of lateral roots and the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) in the roots.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral root number correlated positively with root acid phosphatase activity (0.62).
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- number of lateral rootse0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- 0.62e0
- Qualifier
- activity of acid phosphatase (ACP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a strong negative correlation (-0.79) between the plant height and root-to-shoot ratio and a positive correlation (0.62) between the number of lateral roots and the activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) in the roots.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
1 μM ACC was the most effective hormone concentration.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 μM ACCe0
- Outcome
- most effective concentrationse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective concentrations of hormones was 1 μM ACC, which enhanced the plant height, stem diameter, lateral root formation, chlorophyll biosynthesis and nitrogen content and induced the levels of expression of PSI and key genes in hormone signaling.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
1 μM ACC enhanced plant height, stem diameter and lateral root formation.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 μM ACCe0
- Outcome
- plant height, stem diameter, lateral root formatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective concentrations of hormones was 1 μM ACC, which enhanced the plant height, stem diameter, lateral root formation, chlorophyll biosynthesis and nitrogen content and induced the levels of expression of PSI and key genes in hormone signaling.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
1 μM ACC enhanced chlorophyll biosynthesis and nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 μM ACCe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll biosynthesis and nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective concentrations of hormones was 1 μM ACC, which enhanced the plant height, stem diameter, lateral root formation, chlorophyll biosynthesis and nitrogen content and induced the levels of expression of PSI and key genes in hormone signaling.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
1 μM ACC induced expression of PSI and hormone signaling genes.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 μM ACCe0
- Gene
- PSI and key genes in hormone signalinge0
- Outcome
- levels of expression of PSI and key genes in hormone signalinge0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective concentrations of hormones was 1 μM ACC, which enhanced the plant height, stem diameter, lateral root formation, chlorophyll biosynthesis and nitrogen content and induced the levels of expression of PSI and key genes in hormone signaling.”
t0“Alfalfa”
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