Abstract
ABSTRACT It is often advantageous to employ a combined application of soil amendments to attain enhanced performance in the stabilization of potentially toxic elements; however, there have been no investigations that have studied how Silicon (Si) and biochars together affect the distribution and release kinetics of Pb in calcareous soils where triticale ( X Triticosecale wittmack ) is grown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between biochars and Si to mitigate the bioavailability of Pb in soil and accumulation in triticale grain. A factorial greenhouse pot trial study was conducted where Si was applied at 0 (K 0 ), 200 (K 1 ), and 400 (K 2 ) mg kg −1 soil supplied as sodium metasilicate and three different biochars (rice husk (R500), sheep manure (S500), and municipal solid waste (M500)) were applied at 3% wt. to a Pb‐contaminated, calcareous, loamy sand soil, and then triticale was grown to maturity. After harvest, the grain yields and Pb concentration were determined, and the soil was sequentially extracted into different chemical fractions, and the soil Pb release kinetics were determined. Among the applied biochars and Si levels, both individually and combined, the S500 + K 2 treatment had the most significant positive impact in reducing soil Pb content in the soluble and exchangeable fraction by 55.8%, lowering the P 1 kinetics parameter by 41.2%, and decreasing the soil Pb mobility factor by 20.0%. This effect is likely attributed to the increased soil pH resulting from the combined use of S500 and K 2 , which promotes Pb precipitation and adsorption. Application of Si and biochar shifted the mobile fraction of soil Pb (soluble and exchangeable) into fractions with reduced (Pb bound to organic materials and iron‐manganese oxides) or negligible (residual) bioavailability. The application of S500 in combination with Si at the K 1 level was the best treatment to increase triticale grain yields (68.1%) and reduce grain‐Pb concentration (52.0%). In contrast, the highest Si level (K 2 ) reduced grain yields, possibly due to suppressed nutrient uptake. In conclusion, the combined application of S500 and K 1 proved to be the most effective stabilizing treatment for achieving optimal triticale grain yields in Pb‐contaminated calcareous soil.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
S500 + K 2 reduced soil Pb content in the soluble and exchangeable fraction by 55.8%.
- Taxon
- Triticale
×Triticosecalet0 - Treatment
- S500 + K 2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil Pb content in the soluble and exchangeable fractione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 55.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the S500 + K 2 treatment had the most significant positive impact in reducing soil Pb content in the soluble and exchangeable fraction by 55.8%, lowering the P 1 kinetics parameter by 41.2%, and decreasing the soil Pb mobility factor by 20.0%.”
t0“Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack)”
Claim · model-written summary
S500 + K 2 reduced P 1 kinetics parameter by 41.2%.
- Taxon
- Triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- S500 + K 2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- P 1 kinetics parametere0
- Direction
- loweringe0
- Value
- 41.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the S500 + K 2 treatment had the most significant positive impact in reducing soil Pb content in the soluble and exchangeable fraction by 55.8%, lowering the P 1 kinetics parameter by 41.2%, and decreasing the soil Pb mobility factor by 20.0%.”
t0“Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack)”
Claim · model-written summary
S500 + K 2 reduced soil Pb mobility factor by 20.0%.
- Taxon
- Triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- S500 + K 2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil Pb mobility factore0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 20.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the S500 + K 2 treatment had the most significant positive impact in reducing soil Pb content in the soluble and exchangeable fraction by 55.8%, lowering the P 1 kinetics parameter by 41.2%, and decreasing the soil Pb mobility factor by 20.0%.”
t0“Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute Pb stabilization to higher soil pH and Pb precipitation and adsorption.
- Taxon
- Triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- combined use of S500 and K 2e0
- Outcome
- Pb precipitation and adsorptione0
- Qualifier
- increased soil pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect is likely attributed to the increased soil pH resulting from the combined use of S500 and K 2 , which promotes Pb precipitation and adsorption.”
t0“Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack)”
Claim · model-written summary
Si and biochar shifted mobile soil Pb into fractions with reduced or negligible bioavailability.
- Taxon
- Triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Si and biochare0
- Outcome
- mobile fraction of soil Pbe0
- Direction
- shiftede0
- Qualifier
- fractions with reduced (Pb bound to organic materials and iron‐manganese oxides) or negligible (residual) bioavailabilitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of Si and biochar shifted the mobile fraction of soil Pb (soluble and exchangeable) into fractions with reduced (Pb bound to organic materials and iron‐manganese oxides) or negligible (residual) bioavailability.”
t0“Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack)”
Claim · model-written summary
S500 with K 1 increased triticale grain yields by 68.1%.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- S500 in combination with Si at the K 1 levele0
- Outcome
- triticale grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 68.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of S500 in combination with Si at the K 1 level was the best treatment to increase triticale grain yields (68.1%) and reduce grain‐Pb concentration (52.0%).”
Claim · model-written summary
S500 with K 1 reduced grain‐Pb concentration by 52.0%.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- S500 in combination with Si at the K 1 levele0
- Outcome
- grain‐Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 52.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of S500 in combination with Si at the K 1 level was the best treatment to increase triticale grain yields (68.1%) and reduce grain‐Pb concentration (52.0%).”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest Si level reduced triticale grain yield.
- Taxon
- Triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- highest Si level (K 2 )e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest Si level (K 2 ) reduced grain yields, possibly due to suppressed nutrient uptake.”
t0“Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest suppressed nutrient uptake may explain the lower yield at K 2.
- Taxon
- Triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- highest Si level (K 2 )e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Qualifier
- possibly due to suppressed nutrient uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest Si level (K 2 ) reduced grain yields, possibly due to suppressed nutrient uptake.”
t0“Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend S500 with K 1 for optimal triticale yield in Pb-contaminated calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- combined application of S500 and K 1e0
- Outcome
- optimal triticale grain yieldse0
- Setting
- Pb‐contaminated calcareous soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application of S500 and K 1 proved to be the most effective stabilizing treatment for achieving optimal triticale grain yields in Pb‐contaminated calcareous soil.”
The same questions in other papers
silicon atom · yield · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
silicon atom · nutrient: content · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
biochar · nutrient: content · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.