Abstract
Phytochromes are a small photoreceptor protein family regulating red/far-red light mediated plant growth and development. The five phytochromes in Arabidopsis, phyA-phyE, have distinct and overlapping functions partly due to their evolutionary divergence and heterodimerization. To define the regulatory roles of each phytochrome, quadruple mutants retaining only one phytochrome in the Landsberg erecta (L er ) accession of Arabidopsis thaliana were obtained and characterized. The most recently evolved phyB paralogs, phyD and phyE, individually poorly regulated red light-mediated seedling de-etiolation except for promoting cotyledon greening. The light-labile phyA positively regulated seedling photomorphogenic growth, dependent on its steady-state protein level in the light. PhyA specifically suppressed hypocotyl elongation under low red light but surprisingly antagonized phyB function under moderate red light to dampen photomorphogenesis. PhyB-only plants (a.k.a. phyACDE quadruple mutant) were significantly longer than L er WT, which could not be complemented by any other phytochrome, thereby revealing that collective actions from more than two phytochromes are needed to achieve maximum photomorphogenic growth. In adult plants, phyB and phyE have undergone substantial subfunctionalization so that they equally and predominantly regulate photoperiodic flowering. Moreover, under short-day photoperiods, elevated light irradiance accelerated flowering of WT plants, delayed flowering of phyB-deficient plants, and had no statistically significant influence on flowering of phyB-only plants, unveiling the critical role of phyB to interpret the light intensity signal into flowering. The complete set of quadruple mutants and triple mutants retaining phyB and each other phytochrome represent foundational germplasms to assess genetic interactions between phytochromes and to explore phytochrome regulatory networks in response to varied environmental stimuli.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
PhyD alone poorly regulated seedling de-etiolation under red light.
- Taxon
- arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Gene
- phyDe0
- Outcome
- red light-mediated seedling de-etiolatione0
- Direction
- poorly regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most recently evolved phyB paralogs, phyD and phyE, individually poorly regulated red light-mediated seedling de-etiolation except for promoting cotyledon greening.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyE alone poorly regulated seedling de-etiolation under red light.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- phyEe0
- Outcome
- red light-mediated seedling de-etiolatione0
- Direction
- poorly regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most recently evolved phyB paralogs, phyD and phyE, individually poorly regulated red light-mediated seedling de-etiolation except for promoting cotyledon greening.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyD promoted cotyledon greening.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- phyDe0
- Outcome
- cotyledon greeninge0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most recently evolved phyB paralogs, phyD and phyE, individually poorly regulated red light-mediated seedling de-etiolation except for promoting cotyledon greening.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyE promoted cotyledon greening.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- phyEe0
- Outcome
- cotyledon greeninge0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most recently evolved phyB paralogs, phyD and phyE, individually poorly regulated red light-mediated seedling de-etiolation except for promoting cotyledon greening.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyA positively regulated seedling photomorphogenic growth according to its steady-state light protein level.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- phyAe0
- Outcome
- seedling photomorphogenic growthe0
- Direction
- positively regulatede0
- Qualifier
- dependent on its steady-state protein level in the lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The light-labile phyA positively regulated seedling photomorphogenic growth, dependent on its steady-state protein level in the light.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyA suppressed hypocotyl elongation under low red light.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- PhyAe0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- under low red lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PhyA specifically suppressed hypocotyl elongation under low red light but surprisingly antagonized phyB function under moderate red light to dampen photomorphogenesis.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyA antagonized phyB under moderate red light and dampened photomorphogenesis.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- PhyAe0
- Outcome
- photomorphogenesise0
- Direction
- dampene0
- Qualifier
- under moderate red lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PhyA specifically suppressed hypocotyl elongation under low red light but surprisingly antagonized phyB function under moderate red light to dampen photomorphogenesis.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyB-only plants were significantly longer than Landsberg erecta wild type.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- phyACDE quadruple mutante0
- Outcome
- longere0
- Direction
- longere0
- Comparator
- L er WTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PhyB-only plants (a.k.a. phyACDE quadruple mutant) were significantly longer than L er WT, which could not be complemented by any other phytochrome, thereby revealing that collective actions from more than two phytochromes are needed to achieve maximum photomorphogenic growth.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
No single other phytochrome complemented the excess length of phyB-only plants.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- phyACDE quadruple mutante0
- Outcome
- could not be complementede0
- Qualifier
- any other phytochromee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PhyB-only plants (a.k.a. phyACDE quadruple mutant) were significantly longer than L er WT, which could not be complemented by any other phytochrome, thereby revealing that collective actions from more than two phytochromes are needed to achieve maximum photomorphogenic growth.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that more than two phytochromes act together for maximal photomorphogenic growth.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- maximum photomorphogenic growthe0
- Qualifier
- collective actions from more than two phytochromese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby revealing that collective actions from more than two phytochromes are needed to achieve maximum photomorphogenic growth.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyB predominantly regulated photoperiodic flowering in adult plants.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- adult plantse0
- Gene
- phyBe0
- Outcome
- photoperiodic floweringe0
- Direction
- predominantlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In adult plants, phyB and phyE have undergone substantial subfunctionalization so that they equally and predominantly regulate photoperiodic flowering.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
PhyE predominantly regulated photoperiodic flowering in adult plants.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- adult plantse0
- Gene
- phyEe0
- Outcome
- photoperiodic floweringe0
- Direction
- predominantlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In adult plants, phyB and phyE have undergone substantial subfunctionalization so that they equally and predominantly regulate photoperiodic flowering.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Under short days, higher irradiance accelerated flowering of wild-type plants.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- WT plantse0
- Treatment
- elevated light irradiancee0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Qualifier
- under short-day photoperiodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, under short-day photoperiods, elevated light irradiance accelerated flowering of WT plants, delayed flowering of phyB-deficient plants, and had no statistically significant influence on flowering of phyB-only plants, unveiling the critical role of phyB to interpret the light intensity signal into flowering.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Under short days, higher irradiance delayed flowering of phyB-deficient plants.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- phyB-deficient plantse0
- Treatment
- elevated light irradiancee0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- under short-day photoperiodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, under short-day photoperiods, elevated light irradiance accelerated flowering of WT plants, delayed flowering of phyB-deficient plants, and had no statistically significant influence on flowering of phyB-only plants, unveiling the critical role of phyB to interpret the light intensity signal into flowering.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Under short days, higher irradiance had no statistically significant influence on flowering of phyB-only plants.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- phyB-only plantse0
- Treatment
- elevated light irradiancee0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- no statistically significant influencee0
- Qualifier
- under short-day photoperiodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, under short-day photoperiods, elevated light irradiance accelerated flowering of WT plants, delayed flowering of phyB-deficient plants, and had no statistically significant influence on flowering of phyB-only plants, unveiling the critical role of phyB to interpret the light intensity signal into flowering.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer phyB is critical to translating light intensity into flowering responses.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- phyBe0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Qualifier
- interpret the light intensity signale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unveiling the critical role of phyB to interpret the light intensity signal into flowering.”
t0“arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The quadruple and triple mutant set provides germplasm for testing phytochrome interactions.
- Taxon
- arabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- foundational germplasmse0
- Qualifier
- assess genetic interactions between phytochromese0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The complete set of quadruple mutants and triple mutants retaining phyB and each other phytochrome represent foundational germplasms to assess genetic interactions between phytochromes and to explore phytochrome regulatory networks in response to varied environmental stimuli.”
t0“arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
light · phenology · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
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