Abstract
• ABA + MT treatment improved bell pepper growth and yield under salinity. • Combined ABA + MT reduced Na⁺ accumulation while sustaining K⁺ and Ca²⁺ levels. • ABA + MT co-application enhanced antioxidant activity and lowered oxidative stress. The productivity of bell pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), a globally important vegetable, is compromised by soil salinity. Both melatonin (MT) and abscisic acid (ABA) have been reported to improve tolerance to environmental stresses; however, their combined influence on pepper has yet to be clarified. This study examined the individual and synergistic effects of 50 µM ABA (ABA50), 100 µM MT (MT100), and their combination (ABA50+MT100) on the salt tolerance of green and red bell pepper varieties under 0 mM (S0) and 100 mM (S100) NaCl. A completely randomized factorial design was used with six replicates. Salinity stress significantly reduced the root biomass, fruit size, firmness, chlorophyll content, and overall yield. However, the ABA50+MT100 treatment notably improved the plant height, fruit diameter, firmness, chlorophyll a content, and total fruit number under saline conditions. This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH), while markedly reducing oxidative stress markers such as MDA, H₂O₂, proline, and electrolyte leakage. Moreover, it maintained potassium and calcium homeostasis and limited sodium accumulation. Heat map analysis confirmed that ABA50+MT100 was the most effective treatment for preserving physiological, biochemical, and quality traits under salinity stress. Red peppers responded more favorably than green ones. Endogenous ABA and MT levels increased with salinity, suggesting a coordinated hormonal interaction that underlies enhanced stress adaptation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress (100 mM NaCl) reduced root biomass, fruit size and firmness of bell pepper relative to 0 mM NaCl.
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced the root biomass, fruit size, firmness, chlorophyll content, and overall yield”
e2“under 0 mM (S0) and 100 mM (S100) NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress (100 mM NaCl) reduced chlorophyll content and overall yield of bell pepper relative to 0 mM NaCl.
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced the root biomass, fruit size, firmness, chlorophyll content, and overall yield”
e2“under 0 mM (S0) and 100 mM (S100) NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA50+MT100 improved plant height, fruit diameter and firmness of bell pepper under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- ABA50+MT100e1
- Outcome
- plant height, fruit diameter, firmnesse1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“However, the ABA50+MT100 treatment notably improved the plant height, fruit diameter, firmness, chlorophyll a content, and total fruit number under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA50+MT100 improved chlorophyll a content and total fruit number of bell pepper under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- ABA50+MT100e1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a content, and total fruit numbere1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“However, the ABA50+MT100 treatment notably improved the plant height, fruit diameter, firmness, chlorophyll a content, and total fruit number under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application enhanced total soluble solids, titratable acidity and vitamin C of bell pepper.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- combined applicatione1
- Outcome
- total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin Ce1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application enhanced magnesium content of bell pepper.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH) of bell pepper.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- combined applicatione1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application markedly reduced oxidative stress markers MDA, H2O2 and proline in bell pepper.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)”
e2“markedly reducing oxidative stress markers such as MDA, H₂O₂, proline, and electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application markedly reduced electrolyte leakage of bell pepper.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)”
e2“markedly reducing oxidative stress markers such as MDA, H₂O₂, proline, and electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application maintained potassium and calcium homeostasis of bell pepper.
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- combined applicatione1
- Outcome
- potassium and calcium homeostasise2
- Direction
- maintainede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)”
e2“Moreover, it maintained potassium and calcium homeostasis and limited sodium accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application limited sodium accumulation in bell pepper.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“This combined application also enhanced total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, magnesium content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, DPPH)”
e2“Moreover, it maintained potassium and calcium homeostasis and limited sodium accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA50+MT100 was the most effective treatment for preserving physiological, biochemical and quality traits of bell pepper under salinity stress (heat map analysis).
- Taxon
- bell peppert0
- Treatment
- ABA50+MT100e1
- Outcome
- most effective treatment for preserving physiological, biochemical, and quality traitse1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“Heat map analysis confirmed that ABA50+MT100 was the most effective treatment for preserving physiological, biochemical, and quality traits under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Red peppers responded more favorably than green ones.
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“Red peppers responded more favorably than green ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous ABA and MT levels increased with salinity in bell pepper.
Verbatim
t0“bell pepper”
e1“Endogenous ABA and MT levels increased with salinity”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · physiology: pigments · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.