Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a vital cereal crop, belongs to the Poaceae (grass) family that forms the staple diet for more than half of the global population. It plays a critical role in food security and nutrition but severely affected by the rhizoctonia solani causing heavy yield loss. The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25. Treatments included the culture filtrates of Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Carbendazim. Results revealed that all treatments significantly improved the growth parameters. Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively. T. viride at 10% (T2) and Carbendazim at 0.1% (T9) ranked next in effectiveness, whereas, other treatments (T1, T3, T5, T6, T7 and T8) produced moderate gains. Untreated and inoculated controls recorded the lowest values. Overall, seedling treatment and foliar spray using T. harzianum culture filtrate at 10% emerged as the most effective, providing a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides for improving crop growth.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
All culture filtrate and fungicide treatments significantly improved rice growth parameters in the field.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicidee0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse1
- Direction
- significantly improvede1
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e1“Results revealed that all treatments significantly improved the growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum at 10% gave the maximum fresh shoot length, 108.36 and 109.10 cm.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 108.36 cm and 109.10 cme2
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum at 10% gave the maximum fresh shoot weight, 196.40 and 197.88 g per plant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
- Outcome
- Fresh shoot weighte2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plante2
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum at 10% gave the maximum dry shoot weight, 70.18 and 71.42 g per plant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
- Outcome
- Dry shoot weighte2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plante2
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum at 10% gave the maximum fresh root weight, 26.48 and 27.28 g per plant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
- Outcome
- Fresh root weighte2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plante2
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum at 10% gave the maximum dry root weight, 11.68 and 12.36 g per plant.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
- Outcome
- Dry root weighte2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plante2
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum at 10% gave the maximum number of tillers per hill, 15.17 and 15.32.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
- Outcome
- Number of tillers per hille2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 15.17 and 15.32e2
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum at 10% gave the maximum number of panicles per hill, 12.88 and 12.35.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
- Outcome
- Number of panicles per hille2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Value
- 12.88 and 12.35e2
- Setting
- field conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“The present study evaluated the efficacy of culture filtrate of different bioagents and fungicide applied as seedling treatment (S.T.) and foliar spray (F.S.) on crop growth parameters of rice under field condition during during kharif season of 2023-24 and 2024-25”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride at 10% and carbendazim at 0.1% ranked next in effectiveness after T. harzianum at 10%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T. viride at 10% (T2) and Carbendazim at 0.1% (T9)e3
- Outcome
- effectivenesse3
- Direction
- ranked nexte3
- Comparator
- T. harzianum at 10% (T4)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Among all treatments, T. harzianum at 10% (T4) consistently recorded superior performance, with the maximum shoot length (108.36 cm and 109.10 cm), Fresh shoot weight (196.40 g/plant and 197.88 g/plant), Dry shoot weight (70.18 g/plant and 71.42 g/plant), Fresh root weight (26.48 g/plant and 27.28 g/plant), Dry root weight (11.68 g/plant and 12.36 g/plant, Number of tillers per hill (15.17 and 15.32) and Number of panicles per hill (12.88 and 12.35) in 2023–24 and 2024–25 respectively”
e3“T. viride at 10% (T2) and Carbendazim at 0.1% (T9) ranked next in effectiveness”
Claim · model-written summary
The other treatments (T1, T3, T5, T6, T7 and T8) produced moderate gains in growth.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- other treatments (T1, T3, T5, T6, T7 and T8)e4
- Outcome
- gainse4
- Direction
- moderatee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e4“whereas, other treatments (T1, T3, T5, T6, T7 and T8) produced moderate gains”
Claim · model-written summary
The untreated and inoculated controls recorded the lowest growth values.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- valuese5
- Qualifier
- the lowest valuese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth Enhancement in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e5“Untreated and inoculated controls recorded the lowest values”
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See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.