Abstract
Weeds present a significant challenge to agricultural systems, particularly in the cultivation of high-value crops like saffron. In this study, allelopathic effects of ten medicinal and aromatic plants were screened on germination and growth of lettuce seedlings using the dishpack and cotton-swab methods. The results indicated that clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamon strongly inhibited the hypocotyl and radicle growth of lettuce. Then, essential oils (EOs) from the selected plants were formulated into nanoemulsions (in different HLB) and their properties (particle sizes and PDI) were evaluated. The nanoemulsion formulated herbicidal activity from Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon), and Perovskia abrotanoides (Perovskia) EOs evaluated against common weeds (Agropyron repens, Bromus japonicus, Chenopodium album, Festuca spp). Nanoemulsion formulations with 1% essential oils and an HLB of 15 showed the smallest particle sizes, lower PDI, and greater stability at 4 °C. The results showed that nanoemulsion spraying induced morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in the weeds. The application of clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamon EOs on Agropyron repens and Bromus sp. increased ion leakage. Cinnamon oil on Agropyron repens reduced chlorophyll index, SOD activity (40.7% ), and protein levels (79.83% ), while ajwain oil decreased catalase enzyme activity (39.56%). On Bromus, ajwain EOs caused the greatest reduction in chlorophyll index, while cinnamon and perovskia EOs reduced catalase activity (82.8% and 52.32%, respectively), and clove EO led to the most significant decrease in SOD activity (24%). Nanoemulsion spraying on Festuca caused increased ion leakage (93%) and reduced catalase enzyme activity with ajwain and cinnamon oils (74.87% and 63.07%, respectively), while clove and perovskia oils decreased SOD activity (45% and 41%, respectively). The application of 1% nanoemulsion solutions of natural essential oils caused visible leaf burn symptoms-such as yellowing, chlorosis, necrosis, and tip burn-in all tested weed species within the first five days, with cinnamon and ajwain oils leading to over 90% desiccation after seven days. The results suggest that essential oils, particularly cinnamon, ajwain and clove, could be effective natural herbicides with potential for use in sustainable weed management.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamon strongly inhibited lettuce hypocotyl and radicle growth.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamone0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl and radicle growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamon strongly inhibited the hypocotyl and radicle growth of lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoemulsions with 1% essential oils and HLB 15 had the smallest particles, lower PDI and greater stability at 4 °C.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nanoemulsion formulations with 1% essential oils and an HLB of 15 showed the smallest particle sizes, lower PDI, and greater stability at 4 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamon oils increased ion leakage in Agropyron repens and Bromus.
- Taxon
- Agropyron repens
Elymus repense0 - Treatment
- clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamon EOse0
- Outcome
- ion leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove, ajwain, perovskia and cinnamon EOs on Agropyron repens and Bromus sp. increased ion leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon oil reduced the chlorophyll index of Agropyron repens.
- Taxon
- Agropyron repensElymus repense0
- Treatment
- Cinnamon oile0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cinnamon oil on Agropyron repens reduced chlorophyll index”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon oil reduced SOD activity in Agropyron repens by 40.7%.
- Taxon
- Agropyron repensElymus repense0
- Treatment
- Cinnamon oile0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 40.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cinnamon oil on Agropyron repens reduced chlorophyll index, SOD activity (40.7% )”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon oil reduced Agropyron repens protein levels by 79.83%.
- Taxon
- Agropyron repensElymus repense0
- Treatment
- Cinnamon oile0
- Outcome
- protein levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 79.83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cinnamon oil on Agropyron repens reduced chlorophyll index, SOD activity (40.7% ), and protein levels (79.83% )”
Claim · model-written summary
Ajwain oil reduced Agropyron repens catalase activity by 39.56%.
- Taxon
- Agropyron repensElymus repenst0
- Treatment
- ajwain oile0
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 39.56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ajwain oil decreased catalase enzyme activity (39.56%)”
t0“Agropyron repens and Bromus sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ajwain oil caused the greatest reduction in Bromus chlorophyll index.
BromusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On Bromus, ajwain EOs caused the greatest reduction in chlorophyll index”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon oil reduced Bromus catalase activity by 82.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On Bromus, ajwain EOs caused the greatest reduction in chlorophyll index, while cinnamon and perovskia EOs reduced catalase activity (82.8% and 52.32%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Perovskia oil reduced Bromus catalase activity by 52.32%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On Bromus, ajwain EOs caused the greatest reduction in chlorophyll index, while cinnamon and perovskia EOs reduced catalase activity (82.8% and 52.32%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove oil reduced Bromus SOD activity by 24%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove EO led to the most significant decrease in SOD activity (24%)”
t0“On Bromus, ajwain EOs”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoemulsion spraying increased Festuca ion leakage by 93%.
FestucaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nanoemulsion spraying on Festuca caused increased ion leakage (93%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ajwain oil reduced Festuca catalase activity by 74.87%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced catalase enzyme activity with ajwain and cinnamon oils (74.87% and 63.07%, respectively)”
t0“Nanoemulsion spraying on Festuca”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon oil reduced Festuca catalase activity by 63.07%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced catalase enzyme activity with ajwain and cinnamon oils (74.87% and 63.07%, respectively)”
t0“Nanoemulsion spraying on Festuca”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove oil reduced Festuca SOD activity by 45%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove and perovskia oils decreased SOD activity (45% and 41%, respectively)”
t0“Nanoemulsion spraying on Festuca”
Claim · model-written summary
Perovskia oil reduced Festuca SOD activity by 41%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clove and perovskia oils decreased SOD activity (45% and 41%, respectively)”
t0“Nanoemulsion spraying on Festuca”
Claim · model-written summary
One percent nanoemulsion solutions produced visible leaf burn in all tested weed species within five days.
- Taxon
- weed speciese0
- Treatment
- 1% nanoemulsion solutions of natural essential oilse0
- Outcome
- visible leaf burn symptomse0
- Qualifier
- within the first five dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“The application of 1% nanoemulsion solutions of natural essential oils caused visible leaf burn symptoms-such as yellowing, chlorosis, necrosis, and tip burn-in all tested weed species within the first five days”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamon oil caused over 90% weed desiccation after seven days.
- Taxon
- weed speciese2
- Treatment
- cinnamone0
- Outcome
- desiccatione0
- Direction
- overe0
- Value
- over 90%e0
- Qualifier
- after seven dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“cinnamon and ajwain oils leading to over 90% desiccation after seven days”
t0“saffron weed control saffron weed control”
e2“all tested weed species”
Claim · model-written summary
Ajwain oil caused over 90% weed desiccation after seven days.
- Taxon
- weed speciese2
- Treatment
- ajwaine0
- Outcome
- desiccatione0
- Direction
- overe0
- Value
- over 90%e0
- Qualifier
- after seven dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“cinnamon and ajwain oils leading to over 90% desiccation after seven days”
t0“saffron weed control saffron weed control”
e2“all tested weed species”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest cinnamon, ajwain and clove oils as natural herbicides.
Verbatim
e0“essential oils, particularly cinnamon, ajwain and clove, could be effective natural herbicides with potential for use in sustainable weed management”
t0“for saffron weed control saffron weed control”
e2“the weeds”
The same questions in other papers
Syzygium aromaticum · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.