Abstract
Soybean productivity is often constrained by inefficient nutrient management and soil degradation. The overuse of chemical fertilizers negatively impacts soil health and sustainability. Bio-formulation-based nutrient management offers a promising alternative to improve crop productivity while enhancing soil biological activity. However, research on integrating bio-formulations with reduced fertilizer inputs remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effect of bio-formulation-based management strategies on soybean production system. The hypothesis tested whether integrating bio-formulations + 75% RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers) could achieve similar or superior productivity and profitability compared to conventional 100% RDF applications. A 3-year (2021–2023) field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-IIARI, New Delhi, with seven nutrient management scenarios [NMSc1-control; NMSc2-100% fertilizer (RDF); NMSc3-75% RDF; NMSc4-75% RDF+Bio Zn; NMSc5-75% RDF+ Bio NPK; NMSc6-75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK; NMSc7-75 % RDF + Rhizobium + MDSR14 + Burkholderiaarboris (12c)]. The bio-formulation strategy NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK) recorded the highest crop growth rate (16.4 g m -2 day -1 ) and seed yield (3.1 t ha -1 ), outperforming 100% RDF (NMSc2) by 4.0–8.0%. Nitrogen uptake (280.2 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus (P) uptake (21.2 kg ha -1 ), and potassium (K) uptake (142.1 kg ha -1 ) were maximized in NMSc6. The net returns increased by 12.5% compared to conventional RDF, and production efficiency improved by 6.2%. Integrating bio-formulations with reduced fertilizer inputs enhances soybean productivity, soil health, and economic returns while reducing dependency on synthetic fertilizers. NMSc6 emerged as the most effective strategy, balancing high yield with sustainable resource use. • NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK) increased soybean productivity by 4.0–8.0% over 100% RDF. • NMSc6 recorded the highest CGR (16.4 g m -2 day -1 ) and RGR. • NMSc6 improved net returns by 7.9–12.5% compared to 100% RDF. • NMSc6 increased N (103.7%), P (107.8%), and K (117.2%) uptake. • NMSc6 reduced fertilizer input by 25% without yield penalty
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 achieved the highest crop growth rate of 16.4 g m -2 day -1.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK)e0
- Outcome
- crop growth ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 16.4 g m -2 day -1e0
- Comparator
- 100% RDF (NMSc2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bio-formulation strategy NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK) recorded the highest crop growth rate (16.4 g m -2 day -1 ) and seed yield (3.1 t ha -1 ), outperforming 100% RDF (NMSc2) by 4.0–8.0%.”
e1“Soybean productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 achieved seed yield of 3.1 t ha -1, outperforming full fertilizer by 4.0–8.0%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- outperforminge0
- Value
- 3.1 t ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 4.0–8.0%e0
- Comparator
- 100% RDF (NMSc2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bio-formulation strategy NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK) recorded the highest crop growth rate (16.4 g m -2 day -1 ) and seed yield (3.1 t ha -1 ), outperforming 100% RDF (NMSc2) by 4.0–8.0%.”
e1“Soybean productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 maximized nitrogen uptake at 280.2 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6e0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- 280.2 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen uptake (280.2 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus (P) uptake (21.2 kg ha -1 ), and potassium (K) uptake (142.1 kg ha -1 ) were maximized in NMSc6.”
e1“Soybean productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 maximized phosphorus uptake at 21.2 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6e0
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P) uptakee0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- 21.2 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen uptake (280.2 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus (P) uptake (21.2 kg ha -1 ), and potassium (K) uptake (142.1 kg ha -1 ) were maximized in NMSc6.”
e1“Soybean productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 maximized potassium uptake at 142.1 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6e0
- Outcome
- potassium (K) uptakee0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- 142.1 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen uptake (280.2 kg ha -1 ), phosphorus (P) uptake (21.2 kg ha -1 ), and potassium (K) uptake (142.1 kg ha -1 ) were maximized in NMSc6.”
e1“Soybean productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 increased net returns by 12.5% relative to conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6e2
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.5%e0
- Comparator
- conventional RDFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns increased by 12.5% compared to conventional RDF”
e1“Soybean productivity”
e2“The bio-formulation strategy NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK)”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 improved production efficiency by 6.2%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6e2
- Outcome
- production efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 6.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production efficiency improved by 6.2%”
e1“Soybean productivity”
e2“The bio-formulation strategy NMSc6 (75% RDF + Bio Zn + Bio NPK)”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 recorded the highest relative growth rate.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6e0
- Outcome
- RGRe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NMSc6 recorded the highest CGR (16.4 g m -2 day -1 ) and RGR.”
e1“Soybean productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
NMSc6 reduced fertilizer input by 25% without yield penalty.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- NMSc6e0
- Outcome
- fertilizer inpute0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Qualifier
- without yield penaltye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NMSc6 reduced fertilizer input by 25% without yield penalty”
e1“Soybean productivity”
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