Abstract
Abstract The preservation of soil fertility is essential for ecosystem sustainability, particularly in tropical regions where agricultural intensification often leads to rapid degradation. This study evaluated the impact of different land‐use systems on soil organic matter (SOM), enzymatic activities, and soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils. Five land‐use systems were analyzed: integrated crop–livestock–forest (ICLF), no‐tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), degraded pasture (PA), and native vegetation (NV). Soil samples were collected at multiple depths (0–40 cm), and chemical, biological, and physiological parameters (gas exchange and yield) were assessed. The ICLF, NT, and NV systems exhibited significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, SOM concentrations, and enzymatic activities compared to CT and PA, with improvements largely confined to the surface layer (0–10 cm). In the 0–5 cm layer, ICLF increased SOC by 35% and SOM by 32% compared to CT, whereas NT increased SOC and SOM by 28% and 26%, respectively. β‐Glucosidase activity was 62% higher in ICLF and 55% higher in NT relative to CT. Soybean yield was 3.8‐fold higher under ICLF (3900 kg ha −1 ) and 3.5‐fold higher under NT (3600 kg ha −1 ) compared to CT (1000 kg ha −1 ). Moreover, both yield and physiological performance were consistently enhanced in ICLF and NT. These findings demonstrate that conservation‐based systems can rapidly improve soil health indicators even in sandy tropical soils, supporting sustainable agricultural intensification and aligning with global efforts to promote soil conservation and food security. Remarkably, such improvements were observed within only 2 years of experimentation.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
ICLF increased soil organic carbon by 35% relative to CT in the 0–5 cm layer
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- ICLFe1
- Outcome
- SOCe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 35%e1
- Qualifier
- 0–5 cm layere1
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e1“In the 0–5 cm layer, ICLF increased SOC by 35% and SOM by 32% compared to CT”
Claim · model-written summary
ICLF increased soil organic matter by 32% relative to CT in the 0–5 cm layer
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- ICLFe1
- Outcome
- SOMe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 32%e1
- Qualifier
- 0–5 cm layere1
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e1“In the 0–5 cm layer, ICLF increased SOC by 35% and SOM by 32% compared to CT”
Claim · model-written summary
NT increased soil organic carbon by 28% relative to CT
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NTe2
- Outcome
- SOCe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 28%e2
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e1“In the 0–5 cm layer, ICLF increased SOC by 35% and SOM by 32% compared to CT”
e2“whereas NT increased SOC and SOM by 28% and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NT increased soil organic matter by 26% relative to CT
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NTe2
- Outcome
- SOMe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 26%e2
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e1“In the 0–5 cm layer, ICLF increased SOC by 35% and SOM by 32% compared to CT”
e2“whereas NT increased SOC and SOM by 28% and 26%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ICLF increased β-glucosidase activity by 62% relative to CT
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- ICLFe3
- Outcome
- Glucosidase activitye3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 62%e3
- Comparator
- CTe3
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e3“Glucosidase activity was 62% higher in ICLF and 55% higher in NT relative to CT”
Claim · model-written summary
NT increased β-glucosidase activity by 55% relative to CT
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NTe3
- Outcome
- Glucosidase activitye3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 55%e3
- Comparator
- CTe3
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e3“Glucosidase activity was 62% higher in ICLF and 55% higher in NT relative to CT”
Claim · model-written summary
ICLF raised soybean yield 3.8-fold over CT
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- ICLFe4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 3.8‐folde4
- Comparator
- CTe4
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e4“Soybean yield was 3.8‐fold higher under ICLF (3900 kg ha −1 ) and 3.5‐fold higher under NT (3600 kg ha −1 ) compared to CT (1000 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
NT raised soybean yield 3.5-fold over CT
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NTe4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 3.5‐folde4
- Comparator
- CTe4
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e4“Soybean yield was 3.8‐fold higher under ICLF (3900 kg ha −1 ) and 3.5‐fold higher under NT (3600 kg ha −1 ) compared to CT (1000 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
ICLF consistently enhanced soybean yield and physiological performance
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- ICLFe7
- Outcome
- yield and physiological performancee7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e7“both yield and physiological performance were consistently enhanced in ICLF and NT”
Claim · model-written summary
NT consistently enhanced soybean yield and physiological performance
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NTe7
- Outcome
- yield and physiological performancee7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e7“both yield and physiological performance were consistently enhanced in ICLF and NT”
Claim · model-written summary
Native vegetation had significantly higher soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, SOM and enzyme activities than CT and PA, with gains largely in the surface layer
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NVe5
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, SOM concentrations, and enzymatic activitiese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- CT and PAe5
- Setting
- tropical sandy soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e5“The ICLF, NT, and NV systems exhibited significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, SOM concentrations, and enzymatic activities compared to CT and PA”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil improvements under the land-use systems were observed within only 2 years
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- improvementse6
- Qualifier
- within only 2 years of experimentatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean productivity in tropical sandy soils”
e6“Remarkably, such improvements were observed within only 2 years of experimentation”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.