Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of combining pig manure composts, produced by different fermentation methods, with chemical fertilizers on winter wheat yield, nutrient uptake, light-thermal physiology, soil fertility, and microbial communities. Methods: Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024) with the following treatments: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (TK), combined organic-inorganic applications with 25:75 and 50:50 ratios. The 25:75 treatments included natural compost (TA1), water-controlled trough compost (TA2), acid-controlled trough compost (TA3), and trough compost (TA4) combined with chemical fertilizer; the 50:50 treatments included the same four compost types (TB1-TB4). Their effects on yield, nutrient uptake dynamics, and light-thermal traits were evaluated, alongside changes in soil physicochemical properties, available nitrogen distribution, aggregate structure, enzyme activities, and microbial community composition and diversity. Results: The compost-to-fertilizer ratio of 25:75 significantly increased yields, with TA3 performing best-42.26%, 6.43% and 12.68% higher than the CK, TK, and the average of other organic fertilizer treatments, respectively. TA3 also recorded the highest total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake and the greatest average uptake rate. It markedly enhanced photosynthetic performance at all growth stages. Compost-fertilizer combinations improved soil nutrient levels and increased the proportion of large aggregates (≥0.25 mm). High-throughput sequencing revealed that acid-regulated compost altered microbial community structure and promoted the expansion of rare taxa. Moreover, partial least squares path model indicated that acid-regulated trough compost increased yield by elevating soil nutrient levels and improving wheat physiological status. Conclusion: 25:75 acid-regulated compost-fertilizer combination significantly improved winter wheat yield, nutrient efficiency, light-thermal use, soil fertility, structure, and microbial diversity, providing a practical basis for efficient organic fertilizer use in sandy fluvo-aquic soils of China's winter wheat regions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The 25:75 compost-to-fertilizer ratio significantly increased winter wheat yields.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- compost-to-fertilizer ratio of 25:75e2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e2“The compost-to-fertilizer ratio of 25:75 significantly increased yields, with TA3 performing best-42.26%, 6.43% and 12.68% higher than the CK, TK, and the average of other organic fertilizer treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TA3 yield was 42.26% higher than the CK (no fertilizer) treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TA3e2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 42.26%e2
- Comparator
- CKe2
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e2“The compost-to-fertilizer ratio of 25:75 significantly increased yields, with TA3 performing best-42.26%, 6.43% and 12.68% higher than the CK, TK, and the average of other organic fertilizer treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TA3 yield was 6.43% higher than the TK (chemical fertilizer) treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TA3e2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 6.43%e2
- Comparator
- TKe2
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e2“The compost-to-fertilizer ratio of 25:75 significantly increased yields, with TA3 performing best-42.26%, 6.43% and 12.68% higher than the CK, TK, and the average of other organic fertilizer treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TA3 yield was 12.68% higher than the average of the other organic fertilizer treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TA3e2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 12.68%e2
- Comparator
- the average of other organic fertilizer treatmentse2
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e2“The compost-to-fertilizer ratio of 25:75 significantly increased yields, with TA3 performing best-42.26%, 6.43% and 12.68% higher than the CK, TK, and the average of other organic fertilizer treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
TA3 recorded the highest total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TA3e3
- Outcome
- total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptakee3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e3“TA3 also recorded the highest total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake and the greatest average uptake rate”
Claim · model-written summary
TA3 had the greatest average nutrient uptake rate.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TA3e3
- Outcome
- average uptake ratee3
- Direction
- greateste3
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e3“TA3 also recorded the highest total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake and the greatest average uptake rate”
Claim · model-written summary
TA3 markedly enhanced photosynthetic performance at all growth stages.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- all growth stagese4
- Treatment
- TA3e3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e3“TA3 also recorded the highest total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake and the greatest average uptake rate”
e4“It markedly enhanced photosynthetic performance at all growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-fertilizer combinations improved soil nutrient levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Compost-fertilizer combinationse5
- Outcome
- soil nutrient levelse5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e5“Compost-fertilizer combinations improved soil nutrient levels and increased the proportion of large aggregates (≥0.25 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-fertilizer combinations increased the proportion of large soil aggregates (≥0.25 mm).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Compost-fertilizer combinationse5
- Outcome
- proportion of large aggregates (≥0.25 mm)e5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e5“Compost-fertilizer combinations improved soil nutrient levels and increased the proportion of large aggregates (≥0.25 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid-regulated compost altered soil microbial community structure.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- acid-regulated composte6
- Outcome
- microbial community structuree6
- Direction
- alterede6
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e6“High-throughput sequencing revealed that acid-regulated compost altered microbial community structure and promoted the expansion of rare taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid-regulated compost promoted the expansion of rare microbial taxa.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- acid-regulated composte6
- Outcome
- expansion of rare taxae6
- Direction
- promotede6
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e6“High-throughput sequencing revealed that acid-regulated compost altered microbial community structure and promoted the expansion of rare taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
A path model indicated that acid-regulated trough compost increased wheat yield by raising soil nutrient levels and improving wheat physiological status.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- acid-regulated trough composte7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- elevating soil nutrient levels and improving wheat physiological statuse7
- Setting
- Yuanyang County, Henan Provincee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat yield”
e1“Field experiment was conducted in Yuanyang County, Henan Province (2023-2024)”
e7“partial least squares path model indicated that acid-regulated trough compost increased yield by elevating soil nutrient levels and improving wheat physiological status”
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