Abstract
ABSTRACT Plant viruses are so harmful to crops. It is an urgent need to develop modern, environment‐friendly, and sustainable plant viral epidemic‐management strategies that are safe for both human health and the environment. The field of nanotechnology is gaining increased interest in plant science. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) have typical physical and chemical characteristics of nanomaterials. Hence, in this study, we systematically investigated the molecular mechanism of MgONPs triggering the plant immunity against viral pathogens. Foliar treatments allow MgONPs to enter Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata and distribute within the intracellular space around chloroplasts through penetrating cell walls. MgONPs elevate plant growth and trigger dose‐dependent plant immunity against viral pathogens. Application of MgONPs triggers glutamate‐like receptors‐dependent Ca 2+ flux and Ca 2+ sensors. Exogenous application of MgONPs does not trigger resistance in Ca 2+ channel‐blocked plants, and knockout of NbGLR3.3 weakens the resistance induced by MgONPs. MgONPs induce early ROS bursts but reduce oxidative damage and accumulation of ROS after TMV infection at late stages. MgONPs activate Ca 2+ ‐dependent SA‐, JA‐, and ET‐mediated signalling pathways, and the absence of SA‐, JA‐, or ET signals weakens the MgONPs‐triggered resistance. However, MgONPs fail to induce resistance to viral pathogens in plants simultaneously lacking SA, JA, and ET. Safety evaluation showed that MgONPs have desirable biocompatibility and biosafety for plants, as well as satisfactory biosafety for the aquatic environment. Overall, our discoveries point to a new direction for MgONPs as effective, non‐drug‐resistant, non‐toxic, sustainable, residual‐free, and eco‐friendly antiviral agents to simultaneously prevent diverse viral diseases.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs entered leaves and localized near chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- enter Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata and distribute within the intracellular space around chloroplastse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs to enter Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata and distribute within the intracellular space around chloroplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs elevated plant growth.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- MgONPse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- elevatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs elevate plant growth”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs triggered dose-dependent antiviral immunity.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- MgONPse0
- Outcome
- plant immunity against viral pathogense0
- Direction
- triggere0
- Qualifier
- dose‐dependente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs elevate plant growth and trigger dose‐dependent plant immunity against viral pathogens”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs triggered calcium signaling.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- MgONPse0
- Outcome
- glutamate‐like receptors‐dependent Ca 2+ flux and Ca 2+ sensorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of MgONPs triggers glutamate‐like receptors‐dependent Ca 2+ flux and Ca 2+ sensors”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium channel blockade prevented MgONP-induced resistance.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- Ca 2+ channel‐blockede0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- does not triggere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of MgONPs does not trigger resistance in Ca 2+ channel‐blocked plants”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
NbGLR3.3 knockout weakened induced resistance.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- knockout of NbGLR3.3e0
- Gene
- NbGLR3.3e0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- weakense0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“knockout of NbGLR3.3 weakens the resistance induced by MgONPs”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs caused early ROS bursts.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- MgONPse0
- Outcome
- early ROS burstse0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs induce early ROS bursts”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs reduced late oxidative damage and ROS after TMV infection.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- MgONPse1
- Interactor
- TMV
Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- oxidative damage and accumulation of ROSe0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduce oxidative damage and accumulation of ROS after TMV infection at late stages”
e1“MgONPs to enter Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata and distribute within the intracellular space around chloroplasts”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs activated SA, JA and ET pathways.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- MgONPse0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+ ‐dependent SA‐, JA‐, and ET‐mediated signalling pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs activate Ca 2+ ‐dependent SA‐, JA‐, and ET‐mediated signalling pathways”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of individual SA, JA or ET signals weakened resistance.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- absence of SA‐, JA‐, or ET signalse0
- Outcome
- MgONPs‐triggered resistancee0
- Direction
- weakense0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the absence of SA‐, JA‐, or ET signals weakens the MgONPs‐triggered resistance”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs failed to induce viral resistance when all three hormone signals were absent.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- MgONPse0
- Outcome
- resistance to viral pathogense0
- Direction
- fail to inducee0
- Qualifier
- simultaneously lacking SA, JA, and ETe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs fail to induce resistance to viral pathogens in plants simultaneously lacking SA, JA, and ET”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
Claim · model-written summary
MgONPs showed plant biocompatibility and biosafety.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Outcome
- biocompatibility and biosafety for plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgONPs have desirable biocompatibility and biosafety for plants”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through stomata”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.