Abstract
Bioavailable phosphorus is essential for sustaining high crop productivity, yet excessive inorganic P fertilization often leads to P accumulation in stable soil forms, reducing utilization efficiency. Straw serves as an organic P source and enhances P availability by stimulating microbial activity. However, systematic studies on how organic P inputs (straw returning) and inorganic P fertilizers regulate soil bioavailable P through microbial and enzymatic processes remain limited. A 16-year field experiment was carried out in a rice-wheat rotation system, including five fertilization treatments: no fertilization (CK), optimized fertilization (OPT), increased N (OPTN), increased P (OPTP), and optimized fertilization combined with straw mulching/returning (OPTM). This study evaluates the impacts of long-term organic and inorganic P sources on soil P fractions, extracellular enzyme activities, and the composition of microbial communities, alongside their collective contributions to crop yield. In this study, based on soil samples collected in 2023, we found that fertilization led to significant increases in Citrate-P and HCl-P, enhanced the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-D-cellobiosidase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), and altered both microbial diversity and co-occurrence network complexity. The OPTM treatment showed the highest yield and improved microbial diversity and network complexity, with Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, and HCl-P increasing by 62.64%, 11.24%, and 9.49%, and BG, CBH, and NAG activities rising by 22.74%, 40.90%, and 18.09% compared to OPT. Mantel tests and random forest analyses revealed significant associations between microbial community and biochemical properties, while partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) indicated that inorganic P source enhanced yield primarily through altering soil P dynamics and enzymatic processes, while microbial communities under organic P source acted as key mediators to increase crop productivity. These findings deepen insights into how microbial communities and enzymatic stoichiometry synergistically regulate phosphorus bioavailability and wheat yield, providing a theoretical basis for sustainable fertilization practices in rice-wheat rotation systems.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization significantly increased Citrate-P and HCl-P in the soil of the wheat system.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Citrate-P and HCl-Pe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization led to significant increases in Citrate-P and HCl-P”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization enhanced the activities of BG, CBH and NAG enzymes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-D-cellobiosidase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilization led to significant increases in Citrate-P and HCl-P, enhanced the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), β-D-cellobiosidase (CBH), and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG)”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization altered microbial diversity and co-occurrence network complexity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- microbial diversity and co-occurrence network complexitye0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altered both microbial diversity and co-occurrence network complexity”
e1“fertilization led to significant increases”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The OPTM treatment showed the highest yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment showed the highest yield”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The OPTM treatment improved microbial diversity and network complexity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- microbial diversity and network complexitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment showed the highest yield and improved microbial diversity and network complexity”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
OPTM raised Enzyme-P by 62.64% compared with OPT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- Enzyme-Pe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 62.64%e1
- Comparator
- OPTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment”
e1“Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, and HCl-P increasing by 62.64%, 11.24%, and 9.49%, and BG, CBH, and NAG activities rising by 22.74%, 40.90%, and 18.09% compared to OPT”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
OPTM raised Citrate-P by 11.24% compared with OPT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- Citrate-Pe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 11.24%e1
- Comparator
- OPTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment”
e1“Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, and HCl-P increasing by 62.64%, 11.24%, and 9.49%, and BG, CBH, and NAG activities rising by 22.74%, 40.90%, and 18.09% compared to OPT”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
OPTM raised HCl-P by 9.49% compared with OPT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- HCl-Pe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 9.49%e1
- Comparator
- OPTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment”
e1“Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, and HCl-P increasing by 62.64%, 11.24%, and 9.49%, and BG, CBH, and NAG activities rising by 22.74%, 40.90%, and 18.09% compared to OPT”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
OPTM raised BG activity by 22.74% compared with OPT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- BGe1
- Direction
- risinge1
- Value
- 22.74%e1
- Comparator
- OPTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment”
e1“Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, and HCl-P increasing by 62.64%, 11.24%, and 9.49%, and BG, CBH, and NAG activities rising by 22.74%, 40.90%, and 18.09% compared to OPT”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
OPTM raised CBH activity by 40.90% compared with OPT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- CBHe1
- Direction
- risinge1
- Value
- 40.90%e1
- Comparator
- OPTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment”
e1“Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, and HCl-P increasing by 62.64%, 11.24%, and 9.49%, and BG, CBH, and NAG activities rising by 22.74%, 40.90%, and 18.09% compared to OPT”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
OPTM raised NAG activity by 18.09% compared with OPT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPTMe0
- Outcome
- NAGe1
- Direction
- risinge1
- Value
- 18.09%e1
- Comparator
- OPTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The OPTM treatment”
e1“Enzyme-P, Citrate-P, and HCl-P increasing by 62.64%, 11.24%, and 9.49%, and BG, CBH, and NAG activities rising by 22.74%, 40.90%, and 18.09% compared to OPT”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Mantel tests and random forest analyses revealed significant associations between microbial community and biochemical properties.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- significant associations between microbial community and biochemical propertiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mantel tests and random forest analyses revealed significant associations between microbial community and biochemical properties”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
PLS-PM indicated that the inorganic P source enhanced yield mainly by altering soil P dynamics and enzymatic processes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inorganic P sourcee0
- Outcome
- enhanced yielde0
- Qualifier
- altering soil P dynamics and enzymatic processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inorganic P source enhanced yield primarily through altering soil P dynamics and enzymatic processes”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
PLS-PM indicated that microbial communities under the organic P source were key mediators of increased crop productivity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic P sourcee0
- Outcome
- crop productivitye0
- Qualifier
- microbial communitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“microbial communities under organic P source acted as key mediators to increase crop productivity”
t0“Wheat Productivity”
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