Abstract
The effect of summer crops and their residue incorporation on succeeding wheat crop and soil properties was studied in field conditions for two consecutive years on silty clay loam Typic Hapludoll. Soybean-wheat sequence recorded the highest grain and straw yields of wheat as well as organic C, available N and K, dehydrogenase activity and counts of fungi in soil, while pigeon pea-wheat sequence gave the maximum available P and microbial biomass C (MBC) after two crop cycles. Wheat grain yield, organic C and available N, P and K, MBC and dehydogenase enzyme activity in soil under different legume-based sequences were significantly higher than under cereal-based sequences, but no significant variations were observed in microbial counts. Legumes-based sequences also resulted in more organic C and available P and K in soil compared to their content at initiation of the study, while all the crop sequences improved microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in the soil. Different crop sequences, except rice-wheat, also improved the counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil. Mean grain and straw yields of wheat for two years and organic C, available N and P in soil at the end following residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal, by 6.6, 4.4, 3.4, 7.2 and 7.8%, respectively. It also increased the microbial population and MBC by 10.2%, and dehydogenase activity by 10.2%, in the soil after harvest of 2nd wheat crop. Increasing fertilizer levels did not increase the mean grain and straw yields; however, application of 100% recommended NPK recorded significant improvement in available K and MBC and 125% NPK in mean grain and straw yields and dehydrogensae activity and population of bacteria and fungi in soil over 75% NPK level. Soybean-wheat sequence produced the highest wheat yield, organic C, available N and K in soil and various soil biological properties. Irrespective of summer crops, their residue incorporation improved the yield of succeeding wheat and soil properties.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean-wheat gave the highest wheat grain and straw yields.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Soybean-wheat sequencee0
- Outcome
- grain and straw yields of wheate0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean-wheat sequence recorded the highest grain and straw yields of wheat as well as organic C, available N and K, dehydrogenase activity and counts of fungi in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean-wheat gave the highest soil organic C, available N and K.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Soybean-wheat sequencee0
- Outcome
- organic C, available N and Ke0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean-wheat sequence recorded the highest grain and straw yields of wheat as well as organic C, available N and K, dehydrogenase activity and counts of fungi in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean-wheat gave the highest soil dehydrogenase activity and fungal counts.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Soybean-wheat sequencee0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase activity and counts of fungi in soile0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean-wheat sequence recorded the highest grain and straw yields of wheat as well as organic C, available N and K, dehydrogenase activity and counts of fungi in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigeon pea-wheat maximized available P and microbial biomass C after two cycles.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pigeon pea-wheat sequencee0
- Outcome
- available P and microbial biomass C (MBC)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- after two crop cyclese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pigeon pea-wheat sequence gave the maximum available P and microbial biomass C (MBC) after two crop cycles”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume sequences significantly raised wheat grain yield relative to cereal sequences.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- different legume-based sequencese0
- Outcome
- Wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- cereal-based sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat grain yield, organic C and available N, P and K, MBC and dehydogenase enzyme activity in soil under different legume-based sequences were significantly higher than under cereal-based sequences”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume sequences significantly raised soil organic C and available N, P and K relative to cereal sequences.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- different legume-based sequencese0
- Outcome
- organic C and available N, P and Ke0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- cereal-based sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat grain yield, organic C and available N, P and K, MBC and dehydogenase enzyme activity in soil under different legume-based sequences were significantly higher than under cereal-based sequences”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume sequences significantly raised soil MBC and dehydrogenase relative to cereal sequences.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- different legume-based sequencese0
- Outcome
- MBC and dehydogenase enzyme activity in soile0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- cereal-based sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat grain yield, organic C and available N, P and K, MBC and dehydogenase enzyme activity in soil under different legume-based sequences were significantly higher than under cereal-based sequences”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial counts did not vary significantly between legume and cereal sequences.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- legume-based sequencese1
- Outcome
- microbial countse0
- Comparator
- cereal-based sequencese1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant variations were observed in microbial counts”
e1“under different legume-based sequences were significantly higher than under cereal-based sequences”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume sequences increased soil organic C and available P and K from baseline.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Legumes-based sequencese0
- Outcome
- organic C and available P and K in soile0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- their content at initiation of the studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Legumes-based sequences also resulted in more organic C and available P and K in soil compared to their content at initiation of the study”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
All crop sequences improved soil MBC and dehydrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- all the crop sequencese0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in the soile0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the crop sequences improved microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in the soil”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
All crop sequences except rice-wheat improved bacterial, fungal and actinomycete counts.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Different crop sequences, except rice-wheate0
- Outcome
- counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soile0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Different crop sequences, except rice-wheat, also improved the counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased grain by 6.6 over removal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6.6e0
- Comparator
- removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean grain and straw yields of wheat for two years and organic C, available N and P in soil at the end following residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal, by 6.6, 4.4, 3.4, 7.2 and 7.8%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased straw yields of wheat by 4.4 over removal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- straw yields of wheate0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.4e0
- Comparator
- removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean grain and straw yields of wheat for two years and organic C, available N and P in soil at the end following residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal, by 6.6, 4.4, 3.4, 7.2 and 7.8%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased organic C by 3.4 over removal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- organic Ce0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.4e0
- Comparator
- removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean grain and straw yields of wheat for two years and organic C, available N and P in soil at the end following residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal, by 6.6, 4.4, 3.4, 7.2 and 7.8%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased available N by 7.2 over removal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- available Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7.2e0
- Comparator
- removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean grain and straw yields of wheat for two years and organic C, available N and P in soil at the end following residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal, by 6.6, 4.4, 3.4, 7.2 and 7.8%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased P in soil by 7.8% over removal.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- P in soile0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7.8%e0
- Comparator
- removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean grain and straw yields of wheat for two years and organic C, available N and P in soil at the end following residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal, by 6.6, 4.4, 3.4, 7.2 and 7.8%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased soil microbial population and MBC by 10.2%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione1
- Outcome
- microbial population and MBCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.2%e0
- Comparator
- removale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased the microbial population and MBC by 10.2%, and dehydogenase activity by 10.2%, in the soil after harvest of 2nd wheat crop.”
e1“residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased soil dehydrogenase by 10.2%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione2
- Outcome
- dehydogenase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 10.2%e0
- Comparator
- removale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dehydogenase activity by 10.2%, in the soil after harvest of 2nd wheat crop.”
e1“It also increased the microbial population and MBC by 10.2%”
e2“residue incorporation were significantly higher over removal”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising fertilizer levels did not increase mean wheat grain or straw yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing fertilizer levelse0
- Outcome
- mean grain and straw yieldse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing fertilizer levels did not increase the mean grain and straw yields”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to 75% NPK, 100% NPK improved available K and MBC, while 125% NPK improved yield, dehydrogenase and bacterial and fungal populations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended NPKe0
- Outcome
- available K and MBCe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- 125% NPK in mean grain and straw yields and dehydrogensae activity and population of bacteria and fungi in soile0
- Comparator
- 75% NPK levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 100% recommended NPK recorded significant improvement in available K and MBC and 125% NPK in mean grain and straw yields and dehydrogensae activity and population of bacteria and fungi in soil over 75% NPK level.”
t0“Wheat”
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