Abstract
Salinity poses a globally prevalent environmental stressor impairing plant growth and production. Karrikins (KARs), a recently identified class of plant growth regulators, are butenolide compounds generated during plant materials combustion, and can promote seed germination and subsequent seedling establishment under various abiotic stresses. However, the role of KARs in mediating physiological and metabolic processes under salinity remains poorly understood. This study therefore aimed to elucidate the effects of KAR 1 on ionic homeostasis, redox regulation, and metabolic reprogramming in salt-stressed creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ). Creeping bentgrass plants received foliar applications of either 100 nM KAR 1 or distilled water and then were exposed to non-stress or 200 mM salt stress for a 21-day experimental period. Foliar KAR 1 application mitigated salt stress-induced negative effects by significantly increasing shoot biomass, leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content, proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities, while concurrently diminishing electrolyte leakage and decreasing malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content. Moreover, KAR 1 elevated K + and Mg 2+ content in creeping bentgrass leaves and decreased Na + /K + ratio under salt stress. Metabolomic analysis revealed that enhanced salt tolerance by KAR 1 application could be associated with metabolic reprogramming of specific amino acids for osmotic adjustment, and metabolites involved in alpha-linolenic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways for membrane integrity and stabilization. ● KAR 1 application enhanced salt tolerance of creeping bentgrass ● KAR 1 enhanced APX and SOD activities under salt stress, and alleviated ROS damage ● KAR 1 increased K + and Mg 2+ content and maintained high K + /Na + under salt stress ● Accumulation of amino acids by KAR 1 contributed to osmotic adjustment under stress ● KAR 1 modulated ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’ and ‘α-linolenic acid metabolism’
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
KAR 1 increased shoot biomass under salt stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferat0 - Treatment
- Foliar KAR 1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar KAR 1 application mitigated salt stress-induced negative effects by significantly increasing shoot biomass, leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content, proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities”
t0“creeping bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
KAR 1 increased leaf water and chlorophyll measures under salt stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Foliar KAR 1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar KAR 1 application mitigated salt stress-induced negative effects by significantly increasing shoot biomass, leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content, proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities”
t0“creeping bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
KAR 1 increased proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Foliar KAR 1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar KAR 1 application mitigated salt stress-induced negative effects by significantly increasing shoot biomass, leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content, proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities”
t0“creeping bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
KAR 1 diminished electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Karrikin1t1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- diminishinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diminishing electrolyte leakage and decreasing malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content”
t1“Karrikin1”
t0“creeping bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
KAR 1 decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- Karrikin1t1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contente0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content”
t1“Karrikin1”
t0“creeping bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
KAR 1 increased leaf potassium and magnesium content under salt stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- KAR 1e0
- Outcome
- K + and Mg 2+ contente0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KAR 1 elevated K + and Mg 2+ content in creeping bentgrass leaves and decreased Na + /K + ratio under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
KAR 1 decreased leaf sodium-to-potassium ratio under salt stress.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- KAR 1e0
- Outcome
- Na + /K + ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KAR 1 elevated K + and Mg 2+ content in creeping bentgrass leaves and decreased Na + /K + ratio under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis associated KAR 1 tolerance with amino acid reprogramming for osmotic adjustment.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- KAR 1 applicatione0
- Compound
- specific amino acidse0
- Outcome
- enhanced salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- could be associatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced salt tolerance by KAR 1 application could be associated with metabolic reprogramming of specific amino acids for osmotic adjustment”
t0“creeping bentgrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis associated KAR 1 tolerance with lipid and phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferat0
- Treatment
- KAR 1 applicatione0
- Compound
- metabolites involved in alpha-linolenic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathwayse0
- Outcome
- enhanced salt tolerancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced salt tolerance by KAR 1 application could be associated with metabolic reprogramming of specific amino acids for osmotic adjustment, and metabolites involved in alpha-linolenic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways for membrane integrity and stabilization”
t0“creeping bentgrass”
The same questions in other papers
application · growth · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →application · physiology: water · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · soil: biology · Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bent grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.