Abstract
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) play a crucial role in the development of both plants and humans. In plants, the uptake and translocation of these elements to commercially important tissues depends on the application method, route, and concentration used. Therefore, supplementation with these two elements is not standardized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different Fe and Zn sources (ionic and nanometric) to determine the optimal application route and determine the appropriate concentration that promotes Fe and Zn bioaccumulation without inducing plant toxicity. Ionic sources of Fe and Zn (FeSO 4 ·4 H 2 O and ZnSO 4 ·7 H 2 O, respectively), and nanoparticles (NPs) of ZnO (50 and 250 ppm) and Fe 3 O 4 (100 and 500 ppm) were applied via drenching and foliar application on lettuce and cucumber plants grown in greenhouse. Dry biomass, biochemical variables, stress indicators and Fe and Zn accumulation were quantified in leaf tissue. In cucumbers, chlorophylls, β-carotene, and yellow pigments responded favorably (p < 0.01) to drenching with of 100 ppm Fe 3 O 4 NPs. The same treatment but via foliar application significantly increased βCA activity and decreased proline, H 2 O 2 , and MDA content by 15.2 %. In contrast, vitamin C increased (p < 0.05) with ionic forms via drenching; however, in lettuce it increased with NPs via foliar application (p < 0.05). Lettuce plants, treated with Fe 3 O 4 NPs (500 ppm) via drenching increased chlorophyll and β-carotene content (p < 0.05). ZnO and Fe 3 O 4 NPs reduced H 2 O 2 content by 38 % and MDA by 35 %, respectively, while promoting proline by 14 %. RuBisCO increased with 250 ppm of ZnO NPs applied via foliar application in both crops, with the greatest increase documented in cucumber (50 %). No differences were observed in Fe and Zn accumulation. However, 100 ppm of Fe 3 O 4 NPs via drenching increased Fe content by 80 %, and 250 ppm of ZnO NPs via foliar application increased Zn content by 26 %, compared to the control. For lettuce, high doses of Fe 3 O 4 NPs and ZnO NPs via foliar application increased Fe and Zn content by 26 % and 45 %, respectively. The foliar-applied NPs showed the greatest accumulation, without inducing toxicity. Therefore, they are a potential tool for agronomic bioenrichment of lettuce and cucumber.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
In cucumbers, chlorophylls, β-carotene and yellow pigments responded favorably to drenching with 100 ppm Fe3O4 NPs.
- Taxon
- cucumbers
Cucumis sativuse1 - Treatment
- drenching with of 100 ppm Fe 3 O 4 NPse1
- Outcome
- chlorophylls, β-carotene, and yellow pigmentse1
- Direction
- responded favorablye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In cucumbers, chlorophylls, β-carotene, and yellow pigments responded favorably (p < 0.01) to drenching with of 100 ppm Fe 3 O 4 NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 100 ppm Fe3O4 NPs significantly increased βCA activity in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione2
- Outcome
- βCA activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In cucumbers, chlorophylls, β-carotene, and yellow pigments responded favorably (p < 0.01) to drenching with of 100 ppm Fe 3 O 4 NPs”
e2“The same treatment but via foliar application significantly increased βCA activity and decreased proline, H 2 O 2 , and MDA content by 15.2 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 100 ppm Fe3O4 NPs decreased proline, H2O2 and MDA content by 15.2 % in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione2
- Outcome
- proline, H 2 O 2 , and MDA contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 15.2 %e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In cucumbers, chlorophylls, β-carotene, and yellow pigments responded favorably (p < 0.01) to drenching with of 100 ppm Fe 3 O 4 NPs”
e2“The same treatment but via foliar application significantly increased βCA activity and decreased proline, H 2 O 2 , and MDA content by 15.2 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin C increased with ionic forms applied by drenching.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativus
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- ionic forms via drenchinge3
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e3“In contrast, vitamin C increased (p < 0.05) with ionic forms via drenching”
Claim · model-written summary
In lettuce, vitamin C increased with nanoparticles applied by foliar application.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae4
- Treatment
- NPs via foliar applicatione4
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce3
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In contrast, vitamin C increased (p < 0.05) with ionic forms via drenching”
e4“however, in lettuce it increased with NPs via foliar application (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce treated with 500 ppm Fe3O4 NPs by drenching had higher chlorophyll and β-carotene content.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae5
- Treatment
- Fe 3 O 4 NPs (500 ppm) via drenchinge5
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and β-carotene contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Lettuce plants, treated with Fe 3 O 4 NPs (500 ppm) via drenching increased chlorophyll and β-carotene content (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs reduced H2O2 content by 38 %.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- ZnOe6
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 contente6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 38 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e6“ZnO and Fe 3 O 4 NPs reduced H 2 O 2 content by 38 % and MDA by 35 %, respectively, while promoting proline by 14 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 NPs reduced MDA content by 35 %.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe 3 O 4e6
- Outcome
- MDAe6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 35 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e6“ZnO and Fe 3 O 4 NPs reduced H 2 O 2 content by 38 % and MDA by 35 %, respectively, while promoting proline by 14 %”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO and Fe3O4 NPs promoted proline by 14 %.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- ZnO and Fe 3 O 4 NPse6
- Outcome
- prolinee6
- Direction
- promotinge6
- Value
- 14 %e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e6“ZnO and Fe 3 O 4 NPs reduced H 2 O 2 content by 38 % and MDA by 35 %, respectively, while promoting proline by 14 %”
Claim · model-written summary
RuBisCO increased with 250 ppm ZnO NPs applied by foliar application in both crops.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 250 ppm of ZnO NPs applied via foliar applicatione7
- Outcome
- RuBisCOe7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e7“RuBisCO increased with 250 ppm of ZnO NPs applied via foliar application in both crops, with the greatest increase documented in cucumber (50 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest RuBisCO increase under 250 ppm ZnO NPs by foliar application was 50 % in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse7
- Treatment
- 250 ppm of ZnO NPs applied via foliar applicatione7
- Outcome
- RuBisCOe7
- Direction
- greatest increasee7
- Value
- 50 %e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“RuBisCO increased with 250 ppm of ZnO NPs applied via foliar application in both crops, with the greatest increase documented in cucumber (50 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
No differences were observed in Fe and Zn accumulation.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- Fe and Zn accumulatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e1“No differences were observed in Fe and Zn accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Drenching with 100 ppm Fe3O4 NPs increased Fe content by 80 % compared with control.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 100 ppm of Fe 3 O 4 NPs via drenchinge2
- Outcome
- Fe contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 80 %e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e2“However, 100 ppm of Fe 3 O 4 NPs via drenching increased Fe content by 80 %, and 250 ppm of ZnO NPs via foliar application increased Zn content by 26 %, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of 250 ppm ZnO NPs increased Zn content by 26 % compared with control.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 250 ppm of ZnO NPs via foliar applicatione2
- Outcome
- Zn contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 26 %e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e2“However, 100 ppm of Fe 3 O 4 NPs via drenching increased Fe content by 80 %, and 250 ppm of ZnO NPs via foliar application increased Zn content by 26 %, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
In lettuce, high doses of Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs by foliar application increased Fe content by 26 %.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- high doses of Fe 3 O 4 NPs and ZnO NPs via foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- Fee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e1“For lettuce, high doses of Fe 3 O 4 NPs and ZnO NPs via foliar application increased Fe and Zn content by 26 % and 45 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In lettuce, high doses of Fe3O4 and ZnO NPs by foliar application increased Zn content by 45 %.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- high doses of Fe 3 O 4 NPs and ZnO NPs via foliar applicatione1
- Outcome
- Zne1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 45 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e1“For lettuce, high doses of Fe 3 O 4 NPs and ZnO NPs via foliar application increased Fe and Zn content by 26 % and 45 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar-applied NPs gave the greatest accumulation without toxicity.
- Taxon
- lettuce and cucumberCucumis sativusLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- foliar-applied NPse1
- Outcome
- accumulatione1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Qualifier
- without inducing toxicitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce and cucumber”
e1“The foliar-applied NPs showed the greatest accumulation, without inducing toxicity”
The same questions in other papers
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8 of 27 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.