Abstract
Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization in agriculture leads to substantial nitrogen losses through ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions, and nitrate (NO 3 -) leaching.To address N overuse and establish appropriate fertilizer management strategies, a comprehensive evaluation of N dynamics through different pathways including plant uptake, gaseous emissions and leaching.Therefore, this study evaluated N dynamics in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields under four N application rates (0, 228, 342, and 456 kg N ha -1 ).As a result, the cumulative emissions of NH 3 and N 2 O ranged from 0.97 to 17.56 kg NH 3 ha -1 and 0.69 to 9.92 kg N 2 O ha -1 , respectively, increasing clearly with higher nitrogen input.The 228 kg N ha -1 treatment showed a more balanced nitrogen distribution, with the highest crop N uptake (262.9 kg N ha -1 ) and the lowest total N loss (29.5 kg N ha -1 ).In contrast, N uptake decreased by 21.5% and 46.6% in the 342 and 456 kg N ha -1 treatments, while nitrogen losses to the atmosphere and water pathways increased more than twofold.These results show that excessive N input reduces N use efficiency and shifts N flow toward environmental losses rather than crop uptake.Although some monitoring gaps occurred and nitrate leaching was estimated empirically due to practical constraints in field management, the overall pattern of nitrogen partitioning among treatments was consistent.These findings provide a quantitative baseline that captures the shift in N flow and loss structures across fertilization levels, offering a valuable reference for future N budgeting, modeling, and management framework development in red pepper cultivation systems.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia emissions ranged from 0.97 to 17.56 kg per hectare and increased with nitrogen input.
- Taxon
- red pepper
Capsicum annuum var. annuume0 - Treatment
- four N application rates (0, 228, 342, and 456 kg N ha -1 )e0
- Outcome
- emissions of NH 3e1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 0.97 to 17.56 kg NH 3 ha -1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields under four N application rates (0, 228, 342, and 456 kg N ha -1 )”
e1“cumulative emissions of NH 3 and N 2 O ranged from 0.97 to 17.56 kg NH 3 ha -1 and 0.69 to 9.92 kg N 2 O ha -1 , respectively, increasing clearly with higher nitrogen input”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrous oxide emissions ranged from 0.69 to 9.92 kg per hectare and increased with nitrogen input.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- four N application rates (0, 228, 342, and 456 kg N ha -1 )e0
- Outcome
- emissions of NH 3 and N 2 Oe1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 0.69 to 9.92 kg N 2 O ha -1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields under four N application rates (0, 228, 342, and 456 kg N ha -1 )”
e1“cumulative emissions of NH 3 and N 2 O ranged from 0.97 to 17.56 kg NH 3 ha -1 and 0.69 to 9.92 kg N 2 O ha -1 , respectively, increasing clearly with higher nitrogen input”
Claim · model-written summary
The 228 kg N ha -1 treatment had the highest crop N uptake, 262.9 kg N ha -1.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- 228 kg N ha -1e1
- Outcome
- crop N uptakee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 262.9 kg N ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields”
e1“The 228 kg N ha -1 treatment showed a more balanced nitrogen distribution, with the highest crop N uptake (262.9 kg N ha -1 ) and the lowest total N loss (29.5 kg N ha -1 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
The 228 kg N ha -1 treatment had the lowest total N loss, 29.5 kg N ha -1.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- 228 kg N ha -1e1
- Outcome
- total N losse1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 29.5 kg N ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields”
e1“The 228 kg N ha -1 treatment showed a more balanced nitrogen distribution, with the highest crop N uptake (262.9 kg N ha -1 ) and the lowest total N loss (29.5 kg N ha -1 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
N uptake decreased by 21.5% with 342 kg N ha -1.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- 342e1
- Outcome
- N uptakee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 21.5%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields”
e1“N uptake decreased by 21.5% and 46.6% in the 342 and 456 kg N ha -1 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
N uptake decreased by 46.6% with 456 kg N ha -1.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- 456 kg N ha -1e1
- Outcome
- N uptakee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 46.6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields”
e1“N uptake decreased by 21.5% and 46.6% in the 342 and 456 kg N ha -1 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen losses to atmosphere and water increased more than twofold under the 342 and 456 kg N ha -1 treatments.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- 342 and 456 kg N ha -1 treatmentse2
- Outcome
- nitrogen losses to the atmosphere and water pathwayse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- more than twofolde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields”
e1“nitrogen losses to the atmosphere and water pathways increased more than twofold”
e2“342 and 456 kg N ha -1 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive N input reduced N use efficiency.
- Taxon
- red pepperCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- excessive N inpute1
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye1
- Direction
- reducese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fields”
e1“excessive N input reduces N use efficiency”
The same questions in other papers
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