Abstract
Fertilization of agricultural plants with ammonium [Formula: see text] is often desirable because it is less susceptible to leaching than nitrate [Formula: see text] reducing environmental pollution, risk to human health and economic loss. However, a number of important agricultural species exhibit a reduction in growth when fertilized with [Formula: see text] and increasing the tolerance to [Formula: see text] may be of importance for the establishment of sustainable agricultural systems. The present study explored the feasibility of using calcium (Ca) to increase the tolerance of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) to [Formula: see text] fertilization. Although [Formula: see text] at proportions ≥25 % of total nitrogen (N) decreased leaf dry mass (DM), supplementary Ca ameliorated this decrease. Increasing [Formula: see text] resulted in decreased root hydraulic conductance (Lo) and root water content (RWC), suggesting that water uptake by roots was impaired. The [Formula: see text]-induced reductions in Lo and RWC were mitigated by supplementary Ca. Ammonium induced increased damage to the cell membranes through lipid peroxidation, causing increased electrolyte leakage; Ca did not reduce lipid peroxidation and resulted in increased electrolyte leakage, suggesting that the beneficial effects of Ca on the tolerance to [Formula: see text] may be more of a reflection on its effect on the water status of the plant. Bell pepper plants that received [Formula: see text] had a low concentration of [Formula: see text] in the roots but a high concentration in the leaves, probably due to the high nitrate reductase activity observed. Ammonium nutrition depressed the uptake of potassium, Ca and magnesium, while increasing that of phosphorus. The results obtained in the present study indicate that [Formula: see text] caused growth reduction, nutrient imbalance, membrane integrity impairment, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and affected water relations. Supplementary Ca partially restored growth of leaves by improving root Lo and water relations, and our results suggest that it may be used as a tool to increase the tolerance to [Formula: see text] fertilization.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium at 25% or more of total nitrogen decreased bell pepper leaf dry mass.
- Taxon
- bell peppere1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- [Formula: see text] at proportions ≥25 % of total nitrogen (N)e0
- Outcome
- leaf dry mass (DM)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Although [Formula: see text] at proportions ≥25 % of total nitrogen (N) decreased leaf dry mass (DM), supplementary Ca ameliorated this decrease”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary calcium ameliorated the decline in bell pepper leaf dry mass.
- Taxon
- bell peppere1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- supplementary Cae0
- Outcome
- leaf dry mass (DM)e0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Although [Formula: see text] at proportions ≥25 % of total nitrogen (N) decreased leaf dry mass (DM), supplementary Ca ameliorated this decrease”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ammonium decreased root hydraulic conductance in bell pepper.
- Taxon
- bell peppere1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Increasing [Formula: see text]e0
- Outcome
- root hydraulic conductance (Lo)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Increasing [Formula: see text] resulted in decreased root hydraulic conductance (Lo) and root water content (RWC)”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing ammonium decreased root water content in bell pepper.
- Taxon
- bell peppere1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Increasing [Formula: see text]e0
- Outcome
- root water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Increasing [Formula: see text] resulted in decreased root hydraulic conductance (Lo) and root water content (RWC)”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary calcium mitigated ammonium-induced reductions in root hydraulic conductance.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The [Formula: see text]-induced reductions in Lo and RWC were mitigated by supplementary Ca”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary calcium mitigated ammonium-induced reductions in root water content.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The [Formula: see text]-induced reductions in Lo and RWC were mitigated by supplementary Ca”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium increased bell pepper cell membrane damage through lipid peroxidation.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium induced increased damage to the cell membranes through lipid peroxidation, causing increased electrolyte leakage”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium-induced membrane damage increased electrolyte leakage.
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium induced increased damage to the cell membranes through lipid peroxidation, causing increased electrolyte leakage”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary calcium did not reduce lipid peroxidation.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ca did not reduce lipid peroxidation and resulted in increased electrolyte leakage”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary calcium increased electrolyte leakage.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ca did not reduce lipid peroxidation and resulted in increased electrolyte leakage”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium-treated bell pepper accumulated a low concentration in roots and high concentration in leaves of an unreadable formula entity.
Verbatim
e0“Bell pepper plants that received [Formula: see text] had a low concentration of [Formula: see text] in the roots but a high concentration in the leaves, probably due to the high nitrate reductase activity observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The high leaf concentration in ammonium-treated bell pepper was attributed to high nitrate reductase activity.
Verbatim
e0“Bell pepper plants that received [Formula: see text] had a low concentration of [Formula: see text] in the roots but a high concentration in the leaves, probably due to the high nitrate reductase activity observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nutrition depressed uptake of potassium, calcium and magnesium.
- Taxon
- bell peppere1
- Treatment
- Ammonium nutritione0
- Outcome
- uptake of potassium, Ca and magnesiume0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium nutrition depressed the uptake of potassium, Ca and magnesium, while increasing that of phosphorus”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nutrition increased phosphorus uptake.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium nutrition depressed the uptake of potassium, Ca and magnesium, while increasing that of phosphorus”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium increased antioxidant enzyme activity in bell pepper.
- Taxon
- bell peppere1
- Treatment
- [Formula: see text]e0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“[Formula: see text] caused growth reduction, nutrient imbalance, membrane integrity impairment, increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and affected water relations”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary calcium partially restored bell pepper leaf growth by improving root hydraulic conductance and water relations.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementary Ca partially restored growth of leaves by improving root Lo and water relations”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest supplementary calcium to increase tolerance to ammonium fertilization.
Verbatim
e0“our results suggest that it may be used as a tool to increase the tolerance to [Formula: see text] fertilization”
e1“bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)”
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See all 28 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.