Abstract
Field studies were established during the summer of 1999 at the Agricultural Research and Education Complex of Western Kentucky University to evaluate efficacy, phytotoxicity, and cover crop response of herbicide combinations in dark fire cured tobacco. A randomized complete block design was used with nine treatments replicated three times. Hydroponic tobacco transplants (c.v. 'TND950') were established on May 20,1999 in a conventionally tilled system on a Pembroke silt loam (Mollic Palleudalf) with a pH of 5.8 and an organic matter content of 1.2%. The transplants were established at a population of approximately 10,278 plants/ha. Herbicide treatments were applied on May 19, 1999 with a CO2 backpack sprayer. Sulfentrazone as Spartan 75DF was applied in all nine treatments at a rate of 0.47 kg pr/ha. Six of the nine treatments included various rates of clomazone as Command 3ME. Two of the nine treatments included napropamide as Devrinol 50DF. Visual evaluations of crop phytotoxicity due to herbicide application were recorded at 21 and 44 days after treatment (DAT). Weed control was evaluated at 21, 29, 44, and 58 DAT for the following species: Ipomoea hederacea L. (Ivyleaf morningglory), Amaranthus hybridus L. (smooth pigweed), and Eleusine indica L. (goosegrass). Crop injury and weed control evaluations were recorded on a 0-100% scale with 0 representing no injury and/or no control and 100 representing plant death. After crop removal, two types of tillage were performed to examine wheat injury effects due to tillage. One subplot was moldboard plowed and disked while the other subplot was disked. Following tillage operations, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) was planted on October 30,1999 at a rate of 134.68 kg pr/ha. Visual wheat chlorosis evaluations of each subplot were recorded and based on a scale of 0-100%. Stand counts were taken in the subplots to examine stand loss due to treatment. Wheat aboveground biomass was harvested from each subplot to evaluate the relationship between wheat growth and herbicide rate. Sulfentrazone alone provided >66% control of Eleusine indica, >96% control of Ipomoea hederacea, and >88% of Amaranthus hybridus at all evaluation dates. When combined with 0.584 L pr/ha clomazone, sulfentrazone provided >82% control of all weed species 58 DAT. Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazone provided > 86% Eleusine indica control, >60% Ipomoea hederacea control, and >84% Amaranthus hybridus control. Sulfentrazone combined with 1.12 kg pr/ha napropamide provided >71% control for all weed species at all evaluation dates. However, sulfentrazone plus 2.24 kg pr/ha napropamide provided only >55% control of species at all evaluation dates. Wheat chlorosis was affected by increased rates of clomazone combined with sulfentrazone at both 25 and 41 DAP (days after planting). Fresh weight also exhibited a trend of decreased mass as clomazone application rate increased. Addition of >1.75 L pr/ha clomazone decreased stand count at both evaluation dates, as compared to the sulfentrazone treatment. There were no differences in stand count between napropamide rates in either stand count evaluation. Wheat chlorosis 25 and 41 DAP was greater in plots that were not moldboard plowed. Areas moldboard plowed and disked exhibited less chlorosis, but tillage had no significant effect on wheat biomass or stand count.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone alone controlled Eleusine indica by >66%.
- Taxon
- Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Treatment
- Sulfentrazone alonee0
- Interactor
- Eleusine indica
Eleusine indicae0weed - Outcome
- control of Eleusine indicae0
- Value
- >66%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone alone provided >66% control of Eleusine indica”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone alone controlled Ipomoea hederacea by >96%.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazone alonee0
- Interactor
- Ipomoea hederacea
Ipomoea hederaceae0weed - Outcome
- control of Ipomoea hederaceae0
- Value
- >96%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone alone provided >66% control of Eleusine indica, >96% control of Ipomoea hederacea”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone alone controlled Amaranthus hybridus by >88%.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazone alonee0
- Interactor
- Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hybriduse0weed - Outcome
- Amaranthus hybriduse0
- Value
- >88%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone alone provided >66% control of Eleusine indica, >96% control of Ipomoea hederacea, and >88% of Amaranthus hybridus”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone plus 0.584 L pr/ha clomazone controlled all weed species by over 82% at 58 DAT.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- 0.584 L pr/ha clomazone, sulfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- control of all weed speciese0
- Value
- >82%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When combined with 0.584 L pr/ha clomazone, sulfentrazone provided >82% control of all weed species 58 DAT”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazone controlled Eleusine indica by > 86%.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazonee0
- Interactor
- Eleusine indicaEleusine indicae0weed
- Outcome
- Eleusine indica controle0
- Value
- > 86%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazone provided > 86% Eleusine indica control”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazone controlled Ipomoea hederacea by >60%.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazonee0
- Interactor
- Ipomoea hederaceaIpomoea hederaceae0weed
- Outcome
- Ipomoea hederacea controle0
- Value
- >60%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazone provided > 86% Eleusine indica control, >60% Ipomoea hederacea control”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazone controlled Amaranthus hybridus by >84%.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazonee0
- Interactor
- Amaranthus hybridusAmaranthus hybriduse0weed
- Outcome
- Amaranthus hybridus controle0
- Value
- >84%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone combined with > 1.17 L pr/ha clomazone provided > 86% Eleusine indica control, >60% Ipomoea hederacea control, and >84% Amaranthus hybridus control”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone plus 1.12 kg pr/ha napropamide controlled all weeds by over 71%.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfentrazone combined with 1.12 kg pr/ha napropamidee0
- Outcome
- control for all weed speciese0
- Value
- >71%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfentrazone combined with 1.12 kg pr/ha napropamide provided >71% control for all weed species at all evaluation dates”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfentrazone plus 2.24 kg pr/ha napropamide controlled species by only over 55%.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- sulfentrazone plus 2.24 kg pr/ha napropamidee0
- Outcome
- control of speciese0
- Value
- >55%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sulfentrazone plus 2.24 kg pr/ha napropamide provided only >55% control of species at all evaluation dates”
t0“Tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher clomazone rates with sulfentrazone affected wheat chlorosis at 25 and 41 DAP.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- increased rates of clomazone combined with sulfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- Wheat chlorosise0
- Qualifier
- 25 and 41 DAPe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat chlorosis was affected by increased rates of clomazone combined with sulfentrazone at both 25 and 41 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat fresh weight declined as clomazone rate increased.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- clomazone application ratee0
- Outcome
- Fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fresh weight also exhibited a trend of decreased mass as clomazone application rate increased”
e1“Wheat chlorosis was affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding over 1.75 L pr/ha clomazone decreased wheat stand count versus sulfentrazone.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- >1.75 L pr/ha clomazonee0
- Outcome
- stand counte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- sulfentrazone treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of >1.75 L pr/ha clomazone decreased stand count at both evaluation dates, as compared to the sulfentrazone treatment”
e1“Wheat chlorosis was affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat stand count did not differ between napropamide rates.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- napropamide ratese0
- Outcome
- stand counte0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- napropamide ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no differences in stand count between napropamide rates in either stand count evaluation”
e1“Wheat chlorosis was affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat chlorosis was greater without moldboard plowing at 25 and 41 DAP.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- not moldboard plowede0
- Outcome
- Wheat chlorosise0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- 25 and 41 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat chlorosis 25 and 41 DAP was greater in plots that were not moldboard plowed”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard plowing and disking reduced wheat chlorosis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- moldboard plowed and diskede0
- Outcome
- chlorosise0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Areas moldboard plowed and disked exhibited less chlorosis”
e1“Wheat chlorosis 25 and 41 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage had no significant effect on wheat biomass or stand count.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- tillagee0
- Outcome
- wheat biomass or stand counte0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tillage had no significant effect on wheat biomass or stand count”
The same questions in other papers
clomazone · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
napropamide · control · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sulfentrazone · control · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
clomazone · weed · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
napropamide · weed · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
sulfentrazone · weed · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →tillage · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
58 papers in the same direction as this paper · 208 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
263 papers more in this group
See all 267 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.