Abstract
Plants respond to pathogens either by investing more resources into immunity which is costly to development, or by accelerating reproductive processes such as flowering time to ensure reproduction occurs before the plant succumbs to disease. In this study we explored the link between flowering time and pathogen defense using the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the root infecting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. We report that F. oxysporum infection accelerates flowering time and regulates transcription of a number of floral integrator genes, including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and GIGANTEA (GI). Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between late flowering and resistance to F. oxysporum in A. thaliana natural ecotypes. Late-flowering gi and autonomous pathway mutants also exhibited enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum, supporting the association between flowering time and defense. However, epistasis analysis showed that accelerating flowering time by deletion of FLC in fve-3 or fpa-7 mutants did not alter disease resistance, suggesting that the effect of autonomous pathway on disease resistance occurs independently from flowering time. Indeed, RNA-seq analyses suggest that fve-3 mediated resistance to F. oxysporum is most likely a result of altered defense-associated gene transcription. Together, our results indicate that the association between flowering time and pathogen defense is complex and can involve both pleiotropic and direct effects.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum infection accelerated flowering.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- F. oxysporum infectione0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- flowering timee0
- Direction
- acceleratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“We report that F. oxysporum infection accelerates flowering time and regulates transcription of a number of floral integrator genes, including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and GIGANTEA (GI).”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum infection regulated FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Gene
- FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)e0
- Outcome
- regulates transcriptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We report that F. oxysporum infection accelerates flowering time and regulates transcription of a number of floral integrator genes, including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and GIGANTEA (GI).”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum infection regulated FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Gene
- FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)e0
- Outcome
- regulates transcriptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We report that F. oxysporum infection accelerates flowering time and regulates transcription of a number of floral integrator genes, including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and GIGANTEA (GI).”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum infection regulated GIGANTEA (GI) transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Gene
- GIGANTEA (GI)e0
- Outcome
- regulates transcriptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We report that F. oxysporum infection accelerates flowering time and regulates transcription of a number of floral integrator genes, including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and GIGANTEA (GI).”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Late flowering correlated positively with Fusarium resistance in natural ecotypes.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- natural ecotypese0
- Organ / stage
- late floweringe0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to F. oxysporume0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between late flowering and resistance to F. oxysporum in A. thaliana natural ecotypes.”
Claim · model-written summary
gi showed enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- gie0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to F. oxysporume0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late-flowering gi and autonomous pathway mutants also exhibited enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum, supporting the association between flowering time and defense.”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
autonomous pathway mutants showed enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- autonomous pathway mutantse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to F. oxysporume0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late-flowering gi and autonomous pathway mutants also exhibited enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum, supporting the association between flowering time and defense.”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
FLC deletion accelerated flowering in fve-3 but did not alter disease resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- fve-3e0
- Treatment
- deletion of FLCe0
- Gene
- FLCe0
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, epistasis analysis showed that accelerating flowering time by deletion of FLC in fve-3 or fpa-7 mutants did not alter disease resistance, suggesting that the effect of autonomous pathway on disease resistance occurs independently from flowering time.”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
FLC deletion accelerated flowering in fpa-7 but did not alter disease resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- fpa-7e0
- Treatment
- deletion of FLCe0
- Gene
- FLCe0
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, epistasis analysis showed that accelerating flowering time by deletion of FLC in fve-3 or fpa-7 mutants did not alter disease resistance, suggesting that the effect of autonomous pathway on disease resistance occurs independently from flowering time.”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Altered defense gene transcription likely explains fve-3 resistance to F. oxysporum.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- fve-3e0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to F. oxysporume0
- Qualifier
- altered defense-associated gene transcriptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indeed, RNA-seq analyses suggest that fve-3 mediated resistance to F. oxysporum is most likely a result of altered defense-associated gene transcription.”
t0“Investigating the Association between Flowering Time and Defense in the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum Interaction”
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