Abstract
Context Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) modulate regulatory pathways and induce the transcription of critical genes involved in plant–microbe interactions. Aims This study investigates the effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels, focusing on phytochemical and molecular responses. Methods A factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted using Glomus intraradices inoculation and four irrigation regimes (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of field capacity (FC)) to evaluate growth, and biochemical and molecular changes. Key results AMF inoculation significantly increased growth parameters, and relative water content (RWC), mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress. Additionally, AMF enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid contents, particularly under moderate drought conditions. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were observed in AMF-inoculated plants at 50% and 70% FC respectively. AMF also reduced oxidative stress markers, decreasing hydrogen peroxide content by 13.6% and malondialdehyde contents by 23.4% across compared with non-inoculated plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly enhanced by AMF, contributing to improved stress tolerance. The expression of THCAS was upregulated, particularly in AMF-inoculated plants, whereas CBDAS and OLS expression levels were downregulated, correlating with altered tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) accumulation. AMF inoculation enhanced THC content by up to 11.7% and CBD content by 11.2% compared with non-inoculated plants. Conclusions AMF inoculation enhances drought resilience in cannabis by boosting metabolites, antioxidant defences, and key biosynthetic pathways. Implications AMF inoculation is a promising strategy for improving crop performance, THC, and CBD under water-limited conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly increased growth parameters and relative water content in cannabis, mitigating drought stress effects.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativae2 - Treatment
- AMF inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- growth parameters, and relative water content (RWC)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- mitigating the adverse effects of drought stresse1
- Setting
- greenhousee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“AMF inoculation significantly increased growth parameters, and relative water content (RWC), mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress”
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e3“factorial greenhouse experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid contents, particularly under moderate drought.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMFe4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Outcome
- total phenolic and flavonoid contentse4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- particularly under moderate drought conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e4“AMF enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid contents, particularly under moderate drought conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were highest in AMF-inoculated plants at 50% and 70% field capacity, respectively.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculated plantse5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- total phenolic and flavonoid concentrationse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- at 50% and 70% FC respectivelye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e5“The highest total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were observed in AMF-inoculated plants at 50% and 70% FC respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF decreased hydrogen peroxide content by 13.6% compared with non-inoculated plants under drought.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide contente6
- Direction
- decreasinge6
- Value
- 13.6%e6
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e6“AMF also reduced oxidative stress markers, decreasing hydrogen peroxide content by 13.6% and malondialdehyde contents by 23.4% across compared with non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF decreased malondialdehyde content by 23.4% compared with non-inoculated plants under drought.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMFe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contentse6
- Direction
- decreasinge6
- Value
- 23.4%e6
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e6“AMF also reduced oxidative stress markers, decreasing hydrogen peroxide content by 13.6% and malondialdehyde contents by 23.4% across compared with non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly enhanced the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMFe7
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)e7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e7“Antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly enhanced by AMF, contributing to improved stress tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase activity.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMFe7
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e7“Antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly enhanced by AMF, contributing to improved stress tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
THCAS expression was upregulated, particularly in AMF-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculated plantse7
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Gene
- THCASe7
- Outcome
- expressione7
- Direction
- upregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e7“The expression of THCAS was upregulated, particularly in AMF-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CBDAS and OLS expression levels were downregulated, correlating with altered THC and CBD accumulation.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Gene
- CBDAS and OLSe7
- Outcome
- expression levelse7
- Direction
- downregulatede7
- Qualifier
- correlating with altered tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) accumulatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e7“whereas CBDAS and OLS expression levels were downregulated, correlating with altered tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enhanced THC content by up to 11.7% compared with non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione7
- Outcome
- THC contente7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- up to 11.7%e7
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e7“AMF inoculation enhanced THC content by up to 11.7% and CBD content by 11.2% compared with non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enhanced CBD content by 11.2% compared with non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione7
- Outcome
- CBD contente7
- Direction
- enhancede7
- Value
- 11.2%e7
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e7“AMF inoculation enhanced THC content by up to 11.7% and CBD content by 11.2% compared with non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend AMF inoculation as a promising strategy for improving crop performance, THC and CBD under water-limited conditions.
- Taxon
- Cannabis sativaCannabis sativae2
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione7
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Outcome
- improving crop performance, THC, and CBD under water-limited conditionse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“effects of AMF inoculation on Cannabis sativa under varying drought stress levels”
e7“AMF inoculation is a promising strategy for improving crop performance, THC, and CBD under water-limited conditions”
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