Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh (C.G.), India, during rabi season of 2013-14 to find out effective herbicide in chickpea. Results revealed that among the herbicidal treatments, post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 has recorded phytotoxicity on chickpea plants at 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying of herbicides and resulted in 62.26 and 53.19% reduction in yield, respectively, over hand weeding twice. The significantly minimum dehydrogenase activity was also observed under post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1. Whereas, among the herbicides, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 resulted in significantly higher dehydrogenase activity of experimental field. Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS and pre-emergence tank mix application of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1 were most appropriate in reducing the density and dry weight of weeds with the weed control efficiency of 90.43 and 74.31%, respectively. Further, the significantly higher yield attributes, seed yield, stover yield and harvest index registered under hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS, followed by the treatment of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence. Net return and B:C ratio was also recorded maximum under pre-emergence tank mix application of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin caused phytotoxicity in chickpea at 3, 7, and 10 days after spraying.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying of herbicidese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 has recorded phytotoxicity on chickpea plants at 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying of herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxyfluorfen caused phytotoxicity in chickpea at 3, 7, and 10 days after spraying.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying of herbicidese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 has recorded phytotoxicity on chickpea plants at 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying of herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin reduced yield by 62.26% relative to hand weeding twice.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 62.26e0
- Comparator
- hand weeding twicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 has recorded phytotoxicity on chickpea plants at 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying of herbicides and resulted in 62.26 and 53.19% reduction in yield, respectively, over hand weeding twice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxyfluorfen reduced yield by 53.19% relative to hand weeding twice.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 53.19%e0
- Comparator
- hand weeding twicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 has recorded phytotoxicity on chickpea plants at 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying of herbicides and resulted in 62.26 and 53.19% reduction in yield, respectively, over hand weeding twice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin produced significantly minimum soil dehydrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- minimume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significantly minimum dehydrogenase activity was also observed under post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxyfluorfen produced significantly minimum soil dehydrogenase activity.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- minimume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significantly minimum dehydrogenase activity was also observed under post-emergence application of metribuzin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 and early post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen @ 125 g a.i. ha-1.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin produced significantly higher soil dehydrogenase activity among herbicides.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“among the herbicides, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 resulted in significantly higher dehydrogenase activity of experimental field.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding twice reduced weed density and dry weight, with 90.43% weed control efficiency.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DASe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- density and dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 90.43e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS and pre-emergence tank mix application of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1 were most appropriate in reducing the density and dry weight of weeds with the weed control efficiency of 90.43 and 74.31%, respectively.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The oxyfluorfen plus metribuzin tank mix reduced weed density and dry weight, with 74.31% control efficiency.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- pre-emergence tank mix application of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- density and dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 74.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS and pre-emergence tank mix application of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1 were most appropriate in reducing the density and dry weight of weeds with the weed control efficiency of 90.43 and 74.31%, respectively.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding twice produced significantly higher yield attributes, seed and stover yields, and harvest index.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DASe0
- Outcome
- yield attributes, seed yield, stover yield and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the significantly higher yield attributes, seed yield, stover yield and harvest index registered under hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS, followed by the treatment of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide tank mix gave the second highest yield attributes, seed and stover yields, and harvest index.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- yield attributes, seed yield, stover yield and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- followed bye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the significantly higher yield attributes, seed yield, stover yield and harvest index registered under hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAS, followed by the treatment of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1 as pre-emergence.”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The oxyfluorfen plus metribuzin tank mix gave maximum net return and benefit-cost ratio.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- pre-emergence tank mix application of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1e0
- Outcome
- Net return and B:C ratioe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Net return and B:C ratio was also recorded maximum under pre-emergence tank mix application of oxyfluorfen+metribuzin @ 125+350 g a.i. ha-1.”
t0“Chickpea”
The same questions in other papers
metribuzin · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Oxyfluorfen · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →pendimethalin · soil: biology · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Oxyfluorfen · crop injury · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
metribuzin · crop injury · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
herbicide · soil: biology · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
herbicide · weed · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
73 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
71 papers more in this group
See all 75 papers →herbicide · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
111 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
117 papers more in this group
See all 121 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.