Abstract
Cotton is a globally significant crop, serving as a source of natural fiber for the textile industry and contributing to various other products. Its economic importance is substantial, impacting livelihoods and international trade. However, cotton production faces numerous challenges, including Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), which can lead to significant yield and fiber quality losses. Plants alter their root exudate profiles in response to pathogens, often selectively enriching for beneficial rhizobacteria with antagonistic activity and plant growth-promoting traits. This study thus aims to characterize bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of diseased cotton plants. The antifungal activity of 43 isolates was assessed against Fov in vitro. Eight of these inhibited Fov growth by 68.4 to 76.9%. 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed these isolates as Bacillus species. These eight Bacillus strains were further examined for their different modes of action in vitro, and their effect on cotton plants in greenhouse experiments challenged with Fov. All eight strains produced chitinases and pectinases, seven demonstrated cellulase and three protease activity, six produced urease, and five siderophores. Only B. subtilis SC11 exhibited phosphate solubilization activity. Seed treatments revealed that B. subtilis SC10 and B. subtilis SC11 were the standout treatments reducing Fov-caused symptoms by ~83% compared to Fov-inoculated control plants and most significantly improved plant growth and antioxidant activity. In detail, B. subtilis SC11 increased shoot and root dry weight by 160 and 250%, respectively. B. subtilis SC10 increased peroxidase activity by ~143% and ascorbate peroxidase activity by ~60%, while in B. subtilis SC11 treated plants superoxide dismutase activity increased by ~100%. Bacillus treatments effectively mitigated lipid peroxidation, achieving up to 91.4% reduction (B. subtilis SC10, B. halotolerans SC15), and decreased H2O2 accumulation by up to 58.4% (B. halotolerans SC32) compared to the Fov control. Principle component analysis revealed that regarding plant growth parameters, the treatments, and controls were distributed differentially across PC1 and PC2, with 60.30 and 15.62% data variance, respectively, showing the effectiveness of Bacillus isolates in greenhouse experiments. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of sustainable biocontrol strategies for managing Fusarium wilt in cotton.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Eight isolates inhibited Fov growth by 68.4 to 76.9% in vitro.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Interactor
- Fove0pathogen
- Outcome
- Fov growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 68.4 to 76.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eight of these inhibited Fov growth by 68.4 to 76.9%”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The eight inhibitory isolates were identified as Bacillus species.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Interactor
- Bacillus speciese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- confirmed these isolates as Bacillus speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“16S rRNA sequencing confirmed these isolates as Bacillus species”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
All eight Bacillus strains produced chitinases and pectinases.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Gene
- chitinases and pectinasese0
- Outcome
- produced chitinases and pectinasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All eight strains produced chitinases and pectinases”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven strains had cellulase activity, three had protease activity, six produced urease, and five produced siderophores.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- cellulase and three protease activity, six produced urease, and five siderophorese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seven demonstrated cellulase and three protease activity, six produced urease, and five siderophores”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Only B. subtilis SC11 showed phosphate solubilization activity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis SC11
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- phosphate solubilization activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only B. subtilis SC11 exhibited phosphate solubilization activity”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC10 seed treatment reduced Fov-caused symptoms by approximately 83% against Fov-inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC10e0
- Interactor
- Fove0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis SC10Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Fov-caused symptomse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- ~83%e0
- Comparator
- Fov-inoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis SC10 and B. subtilis SC11 were the standout treatments reducing Fov-caused symptoms by ~83% compared to Fov-inoculated control plants”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC11 seed treatment reduced Fov-caused symptoms by approximately 83% against Fov-inoculated controls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC11e0
- Interactor
- Fove0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis SC11Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Fov-caused symptomse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- ~83%e0
- Comparator
- Fov-inoculated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis SC10 and B. subtilis SC11 were the standout treatments reducing Fov-caused symptoms by ~83% compared to Fov-inoculated control plants”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC10 and SC11 improved plant growth and antioxidant activity most significantly.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC10 and B. subtilis SC11e0
- Outcome
- plant growth and antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis SC10 and B. subtilis SC11 were the standout treatments reducing Fov-caused symptoms by ~83% compared to Fov-inoculated control plants and most significantly improved plant growth and antioxidant activity”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC11 increased shoot dry weight by 160%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC11e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 160e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis SC11 increased shoot and root dry weight by 160 and 250%, respectively”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC11 increased root dry weight by 250%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC11e0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 250%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis SC11 increased shoot and root dry weight by 160 and 250%, respectively”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC10 increased peroxidase activity by approximately 143%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC10e0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ~143%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis SC10 increased peroxidase activity by ~143% and ascorbate peroxidase activity by ~60%”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC10 increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by approximately 60%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC10e0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ~60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis SC10 increased peroxidase activity by ~143% and ascorbate peroxidase activity by ~60%”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC11 increased superoxide dismutase activity by approximately 100%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC11e0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ~100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in B. subtilis SC11 treated plants superoxide dismutase activity increased by ~100%”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis SC10 reduced lipid peroxidation by up to 91.4%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis SC10e0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 91.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus treatments effectively mitigated lipid peroxidation, achieving up to 91.4% reduction (B. subtilis SC10, B. halotolerans SC15)”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. halotolerans SC15 reduced lipid peroxidation by up to 91.4%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. halotolerans SC15e0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 91.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacillus treatments effectively mitigated lipid peroxidation, achieving up to 91.4% reduction (B. subtilis SC10, B. halotolerans SC15)”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
B. halotolerans SC32 reduced H2O2 accumulation by up to 58.4% against Fov controls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B. halotolerans SC32e0
- Outcome
- H2O2 accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 58.4%e0
- Comparator
- Fov controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased H2O2 accumulation by up to 58.4% (B. halotolerans SC32) compared to the Fov control”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis separated treatments and controls for plant growth parameters across PC1 and PC2, accounting for 60.30% and 15.62% variance.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- distributed differentiallye0
- Value
- 60.30 and 15.62%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“regarding plant growth parameters, the treatments, and controls were distributed differentially across PC1 and PC2, with 60.30 and 15.62% data variance, respectively”
t0“cotton”
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