Abstract
This study was undertaken to study the seed-borne fungi of forage cowpea that attack the plants and reduce their yield in Egypt. The blotter test methods were used surface-sterilized forage cowpea seeds were tested to detect and isolate the associated seed –borne fungi. 6 fungal species belonging to 2 genera was observed and identified Aspergillus flavus (2.6 %), Aspergillus niger (3.2%), Fusarium equiseti (12.4%), Fusarium semitectum (9.5%), Fusarium solani (6.8%) and Fusariurn oxysporum were the most prominent fungi isolated in this study (62.8%).The pathogenicity test revealed that the most commonly isolated fungi were Fusariurn oxysporum. Also, F. oxysporum caused the highest pre-emergence damping–off percentage followed by, F. semitectum, F equiseti and F. solaniTreating forage cowpea seeds (cvs. Local and Upright growth) with Vitavax–T70, Neem leaf extract and Commercial bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard) before sowing significantly increased the shoot, root length, seedling dry weight and decreased significantly the dead plants of the most resulted seedlings at 12 days old compared with the un-treated seeds with both two cvs., under greenhouse. In this respect, the highest increase in the shoot, root length, seedling dry weight and decreased significantly the dead plants of resulted seedlings was in case of treating seeds with vitavax-T70 and Rizo-N in soil infested with F. oxysporum, vitavax-T70 followed by Rizo-N were the best seed treatments in increasing the shoot, root length, seedling dry weight and significantly decreased the dead plants forage cowpea in case of soil infested with F. oxysporum under greenhouse condition.On the other hand, treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant-guard) reduced root rot incidence under field conditions. Vitavax–T70 and Rizo–N followed by Plant–guard were the best effective agents on reducing root–rot incidence of tested forage cowpea plants with both two cultivars, during growing seasons 2012 and 2013. Also, Vitavax–T70 was the best effective agent on reducing root-rot incidence and increasing the survived plants of both forage cowpea cvs during the two growing seasons. Meanwhile, treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, also Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard) before sowing for controlling root rot pathogens increased plant height, number of branches per plant on growing plants, number of leaves per plant, dry leaf / stem ratio per plant , fresh weight per plant (g) , dry weight plant-1, fresh yield (ton fed-1), dry yield (ton fed-1), pod length (cm), pod weight, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100-seeds (g), grain yield (kg / feddan of yielded cowpea of both cowpea cvs, during the two growing seasons comparing with un-treated seeds (control). Generally, Vitavax-T70, Rizo–N and Plant-guard were the best seed treatments in this respect. It is pronounced also that Vitavax–T70 and Rizo-N were more effective than many of tested fungicide as Neem leaf extract and Plant-guard as well as un-treated ones.It is concluded that treating forage cowpea seeds (cvs., Local and Upright growth) with Vitavax-T70 before sowing were the best seed treatment under greenhouse and field conditions to control seed-borne disease compared with Vitavax–T70 and Commercial bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard).
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Six seedborne fungal species in two genera were identified.
Verbatim
e0“6 fungal species belonging to 2 genera was observed and identified”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus flavus was isolated at 2.6%.
- Taxon
- VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.t0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Outcome
- Aspergillus flavuse0
- Value
- 2.6 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aspergillus flavus (2.6 %)”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus niger was isolated at 3.2%.
- Taxon
- VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.t0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus nigere0pathogen - Outcome
- Aspergillus nigere0
- Value
- 3.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aspergillus niger (3.2%)”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium equiseti was isolated at 12.4%.
- Taxon
- VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.t0
- Interactor
- Fusarium equisetiFusarium equisetie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Fusarium equisetie0
- Value
- 12.4%e0
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium equiseti (12.4%)”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium semitectum was isolated at 9.5%.
- Taxon
- VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.t0
- Interactor
- Fusarium semitectumFusarium incarnatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Fusarium semitectume0
- Value
- 9.5%e0
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium semitectum (9.5%)”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium solani was isolated at 6.8%.
- Taxon
- VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.t0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- Fusarium solanie0
- Value
- 6.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium solani (6.8%)”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusariurn oxysporum was the most prominent isolate at 62.8%.
Verbatim
e0“Fusariurn oxysporum were the most prominent fungi isolated in this study (62.8%)”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
F. oxysporum caused the highest pre-emergence damping off.
- Taxon
- VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.t0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- pre-emergence damping–off percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“F. oxysporum caused the highest pre-emergence damping–off percentage”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested seed treatments increased shoot and root length and seedling dry weight at 12 days versus untreated seed.
Verbatim
e0“Treating forage cowpea seeds (cvs. Local and Upright growth) with Vitavax–T70, Neem leaf extract and Commercial bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard) before sowing significantly increased the shoot, root length, seedling dry weight and decreased significantly the dead plants of the most resulted seedlings at 12 days old compared with the un-treated seeds with both two cvs., under greenhouse.”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested seed treatments decreased dead seedlings at 12 days versus untreated seed.
Verbatim
e0“Treating forage cowpea seeds (cvs. Local and Upright growth) with Vitavax–T70, Neem leaf extract and Commercial bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard) before sowing significantly increased the shoot, root length, seedling dry weight and decreased significantly the dead plants of the most resulted seedlings at 12 days old compared with the un-treated seeds with both two cvs., under greenhouse.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitavax T70 and Rizo N had the greatest greenhouse growth improvement and reduction of dead seedlings in infested soil.
- Taxon
- VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.t0
- Treatment
- vitavax-T70 and Rizo-Ne0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- shoot, root length, seedling dry weighte0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest increase in the shoot, root length, seedling dry weight and decreased significantly the dead plants of resulted seedlings was in case of treating seeds with vitavax-T70 and Rizo-N in soil infested with F. oxysporum”
t0“FORAGE (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed treatments reduced root rot incidence under field conditions.
- Taxon
- forage cowpeae0
- Treatment
- Vitavax–T70, Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant-guard)e0
- Outcome
- root rot incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant-guard) reduced root rot incidence under field conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitavax T70 and Rizo N, followed by Plant guard, were most effective against root rot in both cultivars in 2012 and 2013.
Verbatim
e0“Vitavax–T70 and Rizo–N followed by Plant–guard were the best effective agents on reducing root–rot incidence of tested forage cowpea plants with both two cultivars, during growing seasons 2012 and 2013.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitavax T70 best reduced root rot and increased surviving plants across two seasons.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Vitavax–T70 was the best effective agent on reducing root-rot incidence and increasing the survived plants of both forage cowpea cvs during the two growing seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments increased plant height, branching and leaf number relative to untreated seed.
- Taxon
- forage cowpeae0
- Treatment
- Vitavax–T70, also Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard)e0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of branches per plant on growing plants, number of leaves per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, also Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard) before sowing for controlling root rot pathogens increased plant height, number of branches per plant on growing plants, number of leaves per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments increased fresh and dry biomass measures and leaf to stem ratio.
- Taxon
- forage cowpeae1
- Treatment
- Vitavax–T70e1
- Outcome
- dry leaf / stem ratio per plant , fresh weight per plant (g) , dry weight plant-1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Schema note from the model: Treatment refers to the beginning of the sentence.
Verbatim
e0“increased plant height, number of branches per plant on growing plants, number of leaves per plant, dry leaf / stem ratio per plant , fresh weight per plant (g) , dry weight plant-1”
e1“treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, also Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments increased fresh and dry forage yield.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Schema note from the model: Increase is stated earlier in the sentence.
Verbatim
e0“fresh yield (ton fed-1), dry yield (ton fed-1)”
e1“treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, also Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments increased pod length, pod weight and seeds per pod.
- Taxon
- forage cowpeae1
- Treatment
- Vitavax–T70e1
- Outcome
- pod length (cm), pod weight, number of seeds per pode0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Schema note from the model: Increase is stated earlier in the sentence.
Verbatim
e0“pod length (cm), pod weight, number of seeds per pod”
e1“treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, also Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard)”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatments increased 100 seed weight and grain yield.
- Taxon
- forage cowpeae1
- Treatment
- Vitavax–T70e1
- Outcome
- weight of 100-seeds (g), grain yield (kg / feddane0
- Comparator
- un-treated seeds (control)e0
Not reportedDirection
Schema note from the model: Increase is stated earlier in the sentence.
Verbatim
e0“weight of 100-seeds (g), grain yield (kg / feddan of yielded cowpea of both cowpea cvs, during the two growing seasons comparing with un-treated seeds (control).”
e1“treating forage cowpea seeds with Vitavax–T70, also Neem leaf extract and bioagents (Rizo–N and Plant–guard)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend Vitavax T70 before sowing as the best treatment for seedborne disease control.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that treating forage cowpea seeds (cvs., Local and Upright growth) with Vitavax-T70 before sowing were the best seed treatment under greenhouse and field conditions to control seed-borne disease”
The same questions in other papers
Azadirachta indica · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Azadirachta indica · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Azadirachta indica · disease · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →botanical · disease · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
33 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →botanical · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
77 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
76 papers more in this group
See all 80 papers →botanical · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results
59 papers in the same direction as this paper · 44 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
101 papers more in this group
See all 105 papers →biocontrol · growth · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
biocontrol · disease · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.