Abstract
The effect of different Leaf extract alone and in combination with Trichoderma and fungicides on seed mycoflora, germination and vigour index of Cowpea was evaluated. The seed treatments improved seed germination, vigour index and reducing seed borne mycoflora of Cowpea seeds. A total of 12 fungal species were isolated from cowpea seeds collected in Jalna district, Maharashtra, India. Isolated fungi were identified as Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium semitectum, Trichoderma viridae, Curvularia lunata, Mucor sp., and Verticillium sp. Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, were the most dominant pathogen observed on treated and untreated seeds of Cowpea. It was effectively controlled in the in the treatment of Trichoderma + Leaf extract. Less number of mycoflora associated with the fungicides. Fusarium oxysporum, F. semitectum, F. Solani, Penicillium Sp., A. niger, Cladosporium sp., mostly occurred on the seeds and radicle becoming the weak in some cases decay. Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly in the treatment of fungicides and control, incidence percentage of mycoflora was less recoded. Bioagents treated seeds showed beneficial effects on germination which resulted in increased rootshoot length and seedling vigour. Vigour Index was maximum in the treatment of Sa + Tv (4968) followed by Ph + Tv (4587), Am + Tv (4113) and lowest recoded in Leaf extract and fungicides.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatments improved cowpea germination and vigour.
- Taxon
- Cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- seed treatmentse0
- Outcome
- seed germination, vigour indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed treatments improved seed germination, vigour index and reducing seed borne mycoflora of Cowpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatments reduced seed-borne mycoflora.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- seed treatmentse0
- Outcome
- seed borne mycoflorae0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed treatments improved seed germination, vigour index and reducing seed borne mycoflora of Cowpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve fungal species were isolated from cowpea seeds.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- fungal species were isolatede0
- Value
- 12 fungal speciese0
- Setting
- Jalna district, Maharashtra, Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 12 fungal species were isolated from cowpea seeds collected in Jalna district, Maharashtra, India”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum predominated.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- most dominant pathogene0
- Qualifier
- Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, were the most dominant pathogen observed on treated and untreated seeds of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma plus leaf extract controlled dominant seed pathogens.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma + Leaf extracte0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- controllede0
- Qualifier
- Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporume1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was effectively controlled in the in the treatment of Trichoderma + Leaf extract”
e1“Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, were the most dominant pathogen observed on treated and untreated seeds of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide-treated seeds carried fewer mycoflora.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- mycoflorae0
- Direction
- Lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Less number of mycoflora associated with the fungicides”
e1“seeds of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Common fungi occurred on seeds and radicles and sometimes weakened or decayed them.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Organ / stage
- seeds and radiclee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- weak in some cases decaye0
- Qualifier
- F. semitectum, F. Solani, Penicillium Sp., A. niger, Cladosporium sp.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium oxysporum, F. semitectum, F. Solani, Penicillium Sp., A. niger, Cladosporium sp., mostly occurred on the seeds and radicle becoming the weak in some cases decay”
e1“Cowpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide and control treatments showed lower cowpea seed germination.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- fungicides and controle0
- Outcome
- Seed germinatione0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly in the treatment of fungicides and control”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentage incidence of mycoflora was lower.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Outcome
- incidence percentage of mycoflorae0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incidence percentage of mycoflora was less recoded”
e1“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioagent-treated seeds had greater root-shoot length and seedling vigour.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- Bioagentse0
- Outcome
- rootshoot length and seedling vigoure0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioagents treated seeds showed beneficial effects on germination which resulted in increased rootshoot length and seedling vigour”
e1“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioagents benefited seed germination.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- Bioagentse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- beneficiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioagents treated seeds showed beneficial effects on germination”
e1“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly”
Claim · model-written summary
Sa + Tv produced maximum vigour index of 4968.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vigour Index was maximum in the treatment of Sa + Tv (4968)”
e1“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly”
Claim · model-written summary
Ph + Tv produced vigour index of 4587.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Ph + Tve0
- Outcome
- Vigour Indexe1
- Value
- 4587e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by Ph + Tv (4587)”
e1“Vigour Index was maximum in the treatment of Sa + Tv (4968) followed by Ph + Tv (4587), Am + Tv (4113)”
e2“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly”
Claim · model-written summary
Am + Tv produced vigour index of 4113.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Am + Tve0
- Outcome
- Vigour Indexe1
- Value
- 4113e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Am + Tv (4113)”
e1“Vigour Index was maximum in the treatment of Sa + Tv (4968) followed by Ph + Tv (4587), Am + Tv (4113)”
e2“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf extract and fungicides yielded the lowest vigour index.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- Leaf extract and fungicidese0
- Outcome
- Vigour Indexe1
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest recoded in Leaf extract and fungicides”
e1“Vigour Index was maximum in the treatment of Sa + Tv (4968) followed by Ph + Tv (4587), Am + Tv (4113) and lowest recoded in Leaf extract and fungicides”
e2“Seed germination of cowpea showed less correspondingly”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.