Abstract
This study aimed to determine the eco(geno)toxicological effects of the widely used textile dye Direct Red 09 on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure and integrating the newly obtained results with previously published data. Bioassays with Cenchrus americanus, Allium cepa, Panagrellus redivivus, and Enchytraeus crypticus were conducted at concentrations ranging from 0.437 to 14 g/L, assessing germination, seedling growth, mitotic index, micronucleus frequency, and organism immobilization. The dye markedly induced cytogenotoxicity in A. cepa, moderate phytotoxicity in C. americanus, higher sensitivity in P. redivivus, and limited effects on E. crypticus. By integrating these findings with previous data for Lactuca sativa, a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) was established, noting the following the sensitivity gradient A. cepa > L. sativa > C. americanus > P. redivivus > E. crypticus. The hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5) was determined to be 1.79 g/L Direct Red 09 textile dye and the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was 0.089 g/L. The relatively high HC5 indicated a low potential for acute ecological risk under typical exposure conditions. However, the cytogenotoxic responses observed in sensitive species indicate that potential chronic effects need to be considered, reinforcing the necessity for environmentally realistic and long-term studies to refine protective thresholds.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The dye markedly induced cytogenotoxicity in Allium cepa.
- Taxon
- A. cepa
Allium cepae1 - Treatment
- dyee1
- Outcome
- cytogenotoxicitye1
- Direction
- inducede1
- Qualifier
- markedlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The dye markedly induced cytogenotoxicity in A. cepa, moderate phytotoxicity in C. americanus, higher sensitivity in P. redivivus, and limited effects on E. crypticus”
Claim · model-written summary
The dye caused moderate phytotoxicity in Cenchrus americanus.
- Taxon
- C. americanus
Cenchrus americanuse1 - Treatment
- dyee1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
- Qualifier
- moderatee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The dye markedly induced cytogenotoxicity in A. cepa, moderate phytotoxicity in C. americanus, higher sensitivity in P. redivivus, and limited effects on E. crypticus”
Claim · model-written summary
Panagrellus redivivus showed higher sensitivity to the dye.
Verbatim
e5“on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure”
e1“The dye markedly induced cytogenotoxicity in A. cepa, moderate phytotoxicity in C. americanus, higher sensitivity in P. redivivus, and limited effects on E. crypticus”
Claim · model-written summary
The dye had limited effects on Enchytraeus crypticus.
Verbatim
e5“on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure”
e1“The dye markedly induced cytogenotoxicity in A. cepa, moderate phytotoxicity in C. americanus, higher sensitivity in P. redivivus, and limited effects on E. crypticus”
Claim · model-written summary
A species sensitivity distribution ranks sensitivity as A. cepa > L. sativa > C. americanus > P. redivivus > E. crypticus.
Verbatim
e5“on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure”
e2“By integrating these findings with previous data for Lactuca sativa, a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) was established, noting the following the sensitivity gradient A. cepa > L. sativa > C. americanus > P. redivivus > E. crypticus”
Claim · model-written summary
The hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5) is 1.79 g/L of the dye.
Verbatim
e5“on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure”
e3“The hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5) was determined to be 1.79 g/L Direct Red 09 textile dye and the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was 0.089 g/L”
Claim · model-written summary
The predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) is 0.089 g/L of the dye.
Verbatim
e5“on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure”
e3“The hazardous concentration for 5% of species (HC5) was determined to be 1.79 g/L Direct Red 09 textile dye and the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) was 0.089 g/L”
Claim · model-written summary
The dye poses a low potential for acute ecological risk under typical exposure conditions.
Verbatim
e5“on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure”
e4“The relatively high HC5 indicated a low potential for acute ecological risk under typical exposure conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Environmentally realistic and long-term studies are needed to refine protective thresholds for this dye.
Verbatim
e5“on multiple terrestrial species as bioindicator models of exposure”
e6“reinforcing the necessity for environmentally realistic and long-term studies to refine protective thresholds”