Abstract
ABSTRACT This study evaluates the bioindicator potential of tree species in response to traffic‐related air pollution in Urmia, Iran. Nine intersections with varying traffic congestion (low, moderate, and high) were selected, along with the Nazlu campus of Urmia University as a control site. Leaf and soil samples of Cupressus arizonica Greene. (Cupressaceae), Pinus nigra Arnold. (Pinaceae), and Robinia pseudoacacia “Umbraculifera” DC. (Fabaceae) were collected and immediately transferred to the laboratory for morphological, physiological, and biochemical analysis. Results indicated that traffic‐induced air pollution reduced leaf area, stomatal density, cuticle layer thickness, and total chlorophyll content, while electrolyte leakage increased across all investigated tree species. The concentration of heavy metals, particularly Pb, in soil and leaf samples increased in correlation with rising traffic congestion levels. Overall, all the studied tree species responded to traffic‐related pollution. However, the intensity of their responses varied, indicating that species‐specific traits influence both leaf and soil properties under pollution stress. These results confirm the potential of C. arizonica , P. nigra , and R. pseudoacacia as good bioindicators of urban air pollution. The Metal Accumulation Index (MAI) indicated that C. arizonica had the highest capacity to absorb and accumulate heavy metals. This finding highlights C. arizonica as the most tolerant and resilient species to traffic‐related pollution among the studied trees, making it an excellent candidate for planting in high‐traffic areas in Urmia. These findings offer practical guidance for sustainable urban planning, urban greening, and air quality monitoring, contributing to effective pollution mitigation strategies.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Traffic-induced air pollution reduced leaf area, stomatal density and cuticle layer thickness of tree species compared with a control campus site.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that traffic‐induced air pollution reduced leaf area, stomatal density, cuticle layer thickness, and total chlorophyll content”
e3“along with the Nazlu campus of Urmia University as a control site”
e5“electrolyte leakage increased across all investigated tree species”
Claim · model-written summary
Traffic-induced air pollution reduced total chlorophyll content of tree species compared with a control campus site.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that traffic‐induced air pollution reduced leaf area, stomatal density, cuticle layer thickness, and total chlorophyll content”
e3“along with the Nazlu campus of Urmia University as a control site”
e5“electrolyte leakage increased across all investigated tree species”
Claim · model-written summary
Traffic-induced air pollution increased electrolyte leakage across all investigated tree species compared with a control campus site.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicated that traffic‐induced air pollution reduced leaf area, stomatal density, cuticle layer thickness, and total chlorophyll content”
e3“along with the Nazlu campus of Urmia University as a control site”
e5“electrolyte leakage increased across all investigated tree species”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal concentrations, particularly Pb, in soil and leaf samples increased in correlation with rising traffic congestion.
Verbatim
e5“electrolyte leakage increased across all investigated tree species”
e6“The concentration of heavy metals, particularly Pb, in soil and leaf samples increased in correlation with rising traffic congestion levels”
Claim · model-written summary
All studied tree species responded to traffic-related pollution, with varying response intensity.
Verbatim
e4“all the studied tree species responded”
e1“However, the intensity of their responses varied”
Claim · model-written summary
Cupressus arizonica had the highest capacity to absorb and accumulate heavy metals.
- Taxon
- C. arizonica
Hesperocyparis arizonicae7 - Outcome
- capacity to absorb and accumulate heavy metalse7
- Direction
- higheste7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The Metal Accumulation Index (MAI) indicated that C. arizonica had the highest capacity to absorb and accumulate heavy metals”
Claim · model-written summary
Cupressus arizonica is the most tolerant and resilient species and an excellent candidate for planting.
- Taxon
- C. arizonicaHesperocyparis arizonicae1
- Outcome
- an excellent candidate for plantinge2
- Qualifier
- most tolerant and resilient speciese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This finding highlights C. arizonica as the most tolerant and resilient species”
e2“making it an excellent candidate for planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Cupressus arizonica, Pinus nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia have potential as good bioindicators of urban air pollution.
- Taxon
- C. arizonica , P. nigra , and R. pseudoacacia
Robinia pseudoacaciaHesperocyparis arizonica
Pinus nigrae0 - Outcome
- potentiale0
- Qualifier
- as good bioindicators of urban air pollutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results confirm the potential of C. arizonica , P. nigra , and R. pseudoacacia as good bioindicators of urban air pollution”