Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of sulfur on the uptake of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Cd from multicontaminated sediment by an energy crop – rapeseed (Brassica napus). Rapeseed was grown in pots with the addition of 300 mg S/kg and 500 mg S/kg of sediment under semi-controlled conditions. Plant samples were collected six and seven weeks after sowing. Heavy metal content in above-ground plant parts was determined using ICP-MS. Sequential extraction of sediment was performed to assess metal distribution in sediment fractions before and after the experiment. Control plants were grown in contaminated sediment without sulfur addition. The addition of sulfur did not increase the concentration of heavy metals in the water-soluble fraction of sediment. As sulfates of the investigated heavy metals (except Pb) are water-soluble, it may be that sulfur was not transformed into sulfate ions in sufficient amounts. Elemental sulfur addition did not significantly increase chromium concentration in the aboveground biomass of rapeseed. However, prolonged cultivation (seven weeks) in 179 sulfur-amended sediment resulted in a 50% increase in Cr concentration in the above-ground rapeseed biomass compared to six-week-old rapeseed, whereas no increase was observed in the control. This suggests continued Cr uptake during extended growth in the presence of sulfur. Sulfur amendment did not significantly affect Cu, Cd, or Pb concentrations in above-ground rapeseed biomass, nor did extended cultivation (seven weeks) with sulfur amendment enhance Cu, Cd, or Pb uptake. Uptake efficiency of heavy metals did not differ significantly between the application of 300 mg S/kg and 500 mg S/kg of sediment. Lower uptake of Cd, Cu, and Pb during prolonged sulfur exposure is likely due to reduced bioavailability of these metals, as confirmed by decreased proportions in bioavailable sediment fractions. Sulfur amendment effectively enhanced chromium uptake in rapeseed during prolonged cultivation, while having little effect on Cu, Cd, and Pb accumulation. The observed decrease in bioavailable metal fractions suggests that sulfur may even reduce heavy metal mobility, indicating its limited effectiveness as a mobilizing agent in the tested sediment. These findings indicate that sulfur can be a useful soil amendment for targeted phytoremediation of chromium-contaminated sediments.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Elemental sulfur addition did not significantly change chromium concentration in the aboveground biomass of rapeseed compared with control plants.
Verbatim
t0“uptake by rapeseed”
e2“Elemental sulfur addition did not significantly increase chromium concentration in the aboveground biomass of rapeseed”
e3“Control plants were grown in contaminated sediment without sulfur addition”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged cultivation (seven weeks) in sulfur-amended sediment increased chromium concentration in aboveground rapeseed biomass by 50% compared with six-week-old rapeseed.
Verbatim
e4“prolonged cultivation (seven weeks) in 179 sulfur-amended sediment resulted in a 50% increase in Cr concentration in the above-ground rapeseed biomass compared to six-week-old rapeseed”
e5“whereas no increase was observed in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur amendment did not significantly affect Cu, Cd or Pb concentrations in aboveground rapeseed biomass.
- Taxon
- rapeseede6
- Treatment
- Sulfur amendmente6
- Outcome
- Cu, Cd, or Pb concentrations in above-ground rapeseed biomasse6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e6“Sulfur amendment did not significantly affect Cu, Cd, or Pb concentrations in above-ground rapeseed biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
The addition of sulfur did not increase heavy metal concentration in the water-soluble fraction of the sediment.
- Treatment
- The addition of sulfure7
- Outcome
- concentration of heavy metals in the water-soluble fraction of sedimente7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e7“The addition of sulfur did not increase the concentration of heavy metals in the water-soluble fraction of sediment”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged sulfur exposure lowered the uptake of Cd, Cu and Pb by rapeseed.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- prolonged sulfur exposuree7
- Outcome
- uptake of Cd, Cu, and Pbe7
- Direction
- Lowere7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“uptake by rapeseed”
e7“Lower uptake of Cd, Cu, and Pb during prolonged sulfur exposure is likely due to reduced bioavailability of these metals, as confirmed by decreased proportions in bioavailable sediment fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
The lower uptake of Cd, Cu and Pb is likely due to reduced bioavailability of these metals.
Verbatim
t0“uptake by rapeseed”
e7“Lower uptake of Cd, Cu, and Pb during prolonged sulfur exposure is likely due to reduced bioavailability of these metals, as confirmed by decreased proportions in bioavailable sediment fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
Proportions of bioavailable sediment fractions decreased after prolonged sulfur exposure.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e7“Lower uptake of Cd, Cu, and Pb during prolonged sulfur exposure is likely due to reduced bioavailability of these metals, as confirmed by decreased proportions in bioavailable sediment fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal uptake efficiency by rapeseed did not differ significantly between 300 and 500 mg S/kg of sediment.
Verbatim
t0“uptake by rapeseed”
e7“Uptake efficiency of heavy metals did not differ significantly between the application of 300 mg S/kg and 500 mg S/kg of sediment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend sulfur as a useful soil amendment for targeted phytoremediation of chromium-contaminated sediments.
Verbatim
t0“uptake by rapeseed”
e7“These findings indicate that sulfur can be a useful soil amendment for targeted phytoremediation of chromium-contaminated sediments”
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