Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the vascular soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating diseases of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean area. The adoption of tolerant genotypes is considered an efficient strategy to reduce its impact in the absence of effective chemical control. In the present study we assessed the response of seventy-seven olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) to the defoliating pathotype of V. dahliae under controlled inoculation conditions. Five plants per cultivar were inoculated and compared with non-inoculated controls. Disease progression was monitored weekly for ten weeks and measured through three complementary parameters: Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (RAUDPC), Final Mean Severity (FMS), and Percentage of Dead Plants (PDP). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD, correlation evaluation, and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied to classify cultivars into five susceptibility classes. Notable variability was observed among cultivars, with 7.8% classified as Highly Resistant (HR), 24.7% as Resistant (R), 46.8% as Moderately Susceptible (MS), and 20.8% as Susceptible (S) or Extremely susceptible (E). The cultivar Ghiacciolo showed the highest level of tolerance, displaying only slight symptoms and no statistically significant difference from the non-inoculated control, whereas ‘Carbuncion’, ‘Giogolino’, and ‘Pampagliosa’ exhibited more severe disease than the susceptible reference ‘Picual’. Strong correlations among RAUDPC, FMS, and PDP confirmed the consistency of the disease assessment framework, while PCA revealed distinct clustering patterns according to resistance level. Overall, these findings provide reliable evidence for the selection of olive cultivars suitable for areas vulnerable to V. dahliae.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Of the olive cultivars tested, 7.8% were classified as Highly Resistant (HR) to V. dahliae.
- Taxon
- Olive
Olea europaeat0 - Outcome
- classified as Highly Resistant (HR)e0
- Value
- 7.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“7.8% classified as Highly Resistant (HR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the olive cultivars tested, 24.7% were classified as Resistant (R) to V. dahliae.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- Resistant (R)e0
- Value
- 24.7%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“24.7% as Resistant (R)”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the olive cultivars tested, 46.8% were classified as Moderately Susceptible (MS) to V. dahliae.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- Moderately Susceptible (MS)e0
- Value
- 46.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“46.8% as Moderately Susceptible (MS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the olive cultivars tested, 20.8% were classified as Susceptible (S) or Extremely susceptible (E) to V. dahliae.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- Susceptible (S) or Extremely susceptible (E)e0
- Value
- 20.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“20.8% as Susceptible (S) or Extremely susceptible (E)”
Claim · model-written summary
The cultivar Ghiacciolo had the highest tolerance of the cultivars, with only slight symptoms after V. dahliae inoculation.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Material
- Ghiaccioloe0
- Outcome
- level of tolerancee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- displaying only slight symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“The cultivar Ghiacciolo showed the highest level of tolerance, displaying only slight symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Ghiacciolo showed no statistically significant difference in disease from the non-inoculated control.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Material
- Ghiaccioloe2
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- symptomse2
- Direction
- no statistically significant differencee1
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“Five plants per cultivar were inoculated and compared with non-inoculated controls”
e1“no statistically significant difference from the non-inoculated control”
e2“The cultivar Ghiacciolo showed the highest level of tolerance, displaying only slight symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbuncion showed more severe disease than the susceptible reference Picual under V. dahliae inoculation.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Material
- Carbuncione0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- more severee0
- Comparator
- Picuale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“‘Carbuncion’, ‘Giogolino’, and ‘Pampagliosa’ exhibited more severe disease than the susceptible reference ‘Picual’”
Claim · model-written summary
Giogolino showed more severe disease than the susceptible reference Picual under V. dahliae inoculation.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Material
- Giogolinoe0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- more severee0
- Comparator
- Picuale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“‘Carbuncion’, ‘Giogolino’, and ‘Pampagliosa’ exhibited more severe disease than the susceptible reference ‘Picual’”
Claim · model-written summary
Pampagliosa showed more severe disease than the susceptible reference Picual under V. dahliae inoculation.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Material
- Pampagliosae0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- more severee0
- Comparator
- Picuale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“‘Carbuncion’, ‘Giogolino’, and ‘Pampagliosa’ exhibited more severe disease than the susceptible reference ‘Picual’”
Claim · model-written summary
Strong correlations among RAUDPC, FMS and PDP confirmed the consistency of the disease assessment framework.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- RAUDPC, FMS, and PDPe0
- Setting
- controlled inoculation conditionse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“Strong correlations among RAUDPC, FMS, and PDP confirmed the consistency of the disease assessment framework”
e1“under controlled inoculation conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis revealed distinct clustering patterns of olive cultivars according to resistance level.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- distinct clustering patternse0
- Qualifier
- according to resistance levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“PCA revealed distinct clustering patterns according to resistance level”
Claim · model-written summary
Notable variability in disease response was observed among the olive cultivars.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- variabilitye0
- Qualifier
- among cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“77 Olive Cultivars”
e0“Notable variability was observed among cultivars”
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inoculation · disease · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
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