Abstract
In this study, effective protection methods were applied against fungal diseases commonly found in soft winter-sown wheat grown in the foothill regions of the Kashkadarya region, using fungicides and suspensions. The research identified the impact of these treatments on plant health and the progression of disease development. During the 2019–2020 growing season, in untreated control plots, the average number of wheat plants per 1 m² was 410, with the initial incidence of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) affecting 230 plants (infection rate: 56.1%). During the disease’s peak and decline phases, infection rates increased to 73.41% and 76.1%, respectively, with 301 and 312 infected plants. Between 2020 and 2022, disease severity increased significantly. For instance, during the epidemic stage of 2020–2022 and 2021–2022, infection levels rose by 2.43% to 5.72% compared to 2019–2020, and by 1.65% to 4.24% in the final stage, with yields reduced by 1.5 to 3.2 c/ha. In field trials, the biological effectiveness of combining fungicides (Duazol 40% EC at 0.25 l/ha (reference), Bi- Kanazol 400 g/l at 0.3 l/ha, AZOTE 320 SC 32% SC at 0.3 l/ha, Rauma 490 EC at 1.25 l/ha, Alta Super 40% at 0.3 l/ha, Altus Duo 32.5% at 0.3 l/ha) with IFO PZN suspension (3.0 l/ha) was tested against yellow rust and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis). Results showed that disease incidence in untreated control plots ranged from 74.2% to 54.4%, while combining AZOTE 320 SC and Rauma 490 EC with IFO PZN reduced disease levels to 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively. Biological effectiveness reached 98.6– 99.1% against yellow rust and 99.0% against powdery mildew. Thus, using a combination of IFO PZN suspension with AZOTE 320 SC or Rauma 490 EC fungicides is recommended for chemical control of these diseases in winter wheat. The combined application enhances chlorophyll content and improves biochemical composition in plant tissues, increasing resistance to both diseases and environmental stress. These methods contribute to high- quality yields and effective disease prevention in wheat production.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence in untreated control plots ranged from 74.2% to 54.4%.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- disease incidence in untreated control plotse1
- Direction
- ranged frome1
- Value
- 74.2% to 54.4%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“disease incidence in untreated control plots ranged from 74.2% to 54.4%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The initial yellow rust incidence affected 230 plants, a 56.1% infection rate.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Puccinia striiformis
Puccinia striiformise3pathogen - Outcome
- initial incidencee3
- Direction
- affectinge3
- Value
- 56.1%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the initial incidence of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) affecting 230 plants (infection rate: 56.1%)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection rates increased to 73.41% at the disease peak.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- infection ratese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 73.41%e4
- Qualifier
- peake4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“During the disease’s peak and decline phases, infection rates increased to 73.41% and 76.1%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection rates increased to 76.1% in the decline phase of the disease.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- infection ratese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 76.1%e4
- Qualifier
- decline phasese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“During the disease’s peak and decline phases, infection rates increased to 73.41% and 76.1%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection levels rose by 2.43% to 5.72% in the 2020–2022 epidemic stage compared with 2019–2020.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- infection levelse5
- Direction
- rosee5
- Value
- 2.43% to 5.72%e5
- Comparator
- 2019–2020e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“infection levels rose by 2.43% to 5.72% compared to 2019–2020”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection levels rose by 1.65% to 4.24% in the final stage compared with 2019–2020.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- infection levelse6
- Direction
- rosee6
- Value
- 1.65% to 4.24%e6
- Qualifier
- in the final stagee6
- Comparator
- 2019–2020e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“infection levels rose by 2.43% to 5.72% compared to 2019–2020, and by 1.65% to 4.24% in the final stage”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields were reduced by 1.5 to 3.2 c/ha as disease severity increased.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yieldse7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 1.5 to 3.2 c/hae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“with yields reduced by 1.5 to 3.2 c/ha”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease severity increased significantly between 2020 and 2022.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Between 2020 and 2022e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between 2020 and 2022, disease severity increased significantly”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining fungicides with IFO PZN suspension reached 98.6–99.1% biological effectiveness against yellow rust.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- IFO PZN suspension (3.0 l/ha)e2
- Interactor
- yellow ruste1pathogen
- Outcome
- Biological effectivenesse1
- Direction
- reachede1
- Value
- 98.6– 99.1%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse3
- Setting
- field trialse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Biological effectiveness reached 98.6– 99.1% against yellow rust and 99.0% against powdery mildew”
e2“In field trials, the biological effectiveness of combining fungicides (Duazol 40% EC at 0.25 l/ha (reference), Bi- Kanazol 400 g/l at 0.3 l/ha, AZOTE 320 SC 32% SC at 0.3 l/ha, Rauma 490 EC at 1.25 l/ha, Alta Super 40% at 0.3 l/ha, Altus Duo 32.5% at 0.3 l/ha) with IFO PZN suspension (3.0 l/ha) was tested against yellow rust and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis)”
e3“disease incidence in untreated control plots ranged from 74.2% to 54.4%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining fungicides with IFO PZN suspension reached 99.0% biological effectiveness against powdery mildew.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- IFO PZN suspension (3.0 l/ha)e2
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe1pathogen
- Outcome
- Biological effectivenesse1
- Direction
- reachede1
- Value
- 99.0%e1
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse3
- Setting
- field trialse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Biological effectiveness reached 98.6– 99.1% against yellow rust and 99.0% against powdery mildew”
e2“In field trials, the biological effectiveness of combining fungicides (Duazol 40% EC at 0.25 l/ha (reference), Bi- Kanazol 400 g/l at 0.3 l/ha, AZOTE 320 SC 32% SC at 0.3 l/ha, Rauma 490 EC at 1.25 l/ha, Alta Super 40% at 0.3 l/ha, Altus Duo 32.5% at 0.3 l/ha) with IFO PZN suspension (3.0 l/ha) was tested against yellow rust and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis)”
e3“disease incidence in untreated control plots ranged from 74.2% to 54.4%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining AZOTE 320 SC with IFO PZN reduced disease levels to 0.8% compared with untreated control plots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combining AZOTE 320 SC and Rauma 490 EC with IFO PZNe2
- Outcome
- disease levelse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 0.8%e2
- Qualifier
- AZOTE 320 SCe2
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“disease incidence in untreated control plots ranged from 74.2% to 54.4%, while combining AZOTE 320 SC and Rauma 490 EC with IFO PZN reduced disease levels to 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining Rauma 490 EC with IFO PZN reduced disease levels to 0.5% compared with untreated control plots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combining AZOTE 320 SC and Rauma 490 EC with IFO PZNe2
- Outcome
- disease levelse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 0.5%e2
- Qualifier
- Rauma 490 ECe2
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“disease incidence in untreated control plots ranged from 74.2% to 54.4%, while combining AZOTE 320 SC and Rauma 490 EC with IFO PZN reduced disease levels to 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A combination of IFO PZN suspension with AZOTE 320 SC or Rauma 490 EC fungicides is recommended for chemical control of these diseases in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combination of IFO PZN suspension with AZOTE 320 SC or Rauma 490 EC fungicidese1
- Outcome
- chemical control of these diseasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“using a combination of IFO PZN suspension with AZOTE 320 SC or Rauma 490 EC fungicides is recommended for chemical control of these diseases in winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application enhances chlorophyll content in winter wheat tissues.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined applicatione1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- enhancese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The combined application enhances chlorophyll content and improves biochemical composition in plant tissues, increasing resistance to both diseases and environmental stress”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application improves the biochemical composition of winter wheat tissues.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined applicatione1
- Outcome
- biochemical compositione1
- Direction
- improvese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The combined application enhances chlorophyll content and improves biochemical composition in plant tissues, increasing resistance to both diseases and environmental stress”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined application increases resistance of winter wheat to both diseases and environmental stress.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined applicatione1
- Outcome
- resistance to both diseases and environmental stresse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The combined application enhances chlorophyll content and improves biochemical composition in plant tissues, increasing resistance to both diseases and environmental stress”
t0“winter wheat”