Abstract
Gloriosa superba ‘Passion Flame’ (flame lily) is a distinctive ornamental plant characterized by its striking floral structure and vivid coloration. During flower development, flame lily tepals undergo a pronounced color transition from green at the bud stage to bright red with a yellow base at maturity, providing an excellent system for studying flower pigmentation in monocots. Here, we applied a multi-omics approach to examine metabolite accumulation and gene expression dynamics across four stages of flower development. Metabolomic profiling identified 240 flavonoids and four anthocyanins, among which pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest relative abundance among red pigmentation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that seven key anthocyanin structural genes showed strong correlations with anthocyanin accumulation. In parallel, several chlorophyll degradation genes, including GsSGR and GsPPH, were upregulated during tepal maturation, suggesting transcriptional activation of chlorophyll degradation pathways concurrent with pigment accumulation. Co-expression network analysis further identified GsMYB75 and GsMYB114 as temporally distinct regulators associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, acting together with bHLH, NAC, and AP2/ERF transcription factors. This study provides new insights into the pigment regulation in G. superba ‘Passion Flame’ and offers candidate regulatory components for future functional studies and the improvement of ornamental traits in monocotyledonous plants.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic profiling identified 240 flavonoids in G. superba tepals across four developmental stages.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superba
Gloriosa superbat0 - Organ / stage
- tepalse0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse1
- Value
- 240e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e0“flame lily tepals undergo a pronounced color transition from green at the bud stage to bright red with a yellow base at maturity”
e1“Metabolomic profiling identified 240 flavonoids and four anthocyanins, among which pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest relative abundance among red pigmentation”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic profiling identified four anthocyanins in G. superba tepals.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superbaGloriosa superbat0
- Organ / stage
- tepalse0
- Outcome
- anthocyaninse1
- Value
- foure1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e0“flame lily tepals undergo a pronounced color transition from green at the bud stage to bright red with a yellow base at maturity”
e1“Metabolomic profiling identified 240 flavonoids and four anthocyanins, among which pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest relative abundance among red pigmentation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside had the highest relative abundance among the red pigments.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superbaGloriosa superbat0
- Compound
- pelargonidin-3-O-glucosidee1
- Outcome
- relative abundancee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- among red pigmentatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e1“Metabolomic profiling identified 240 flavonoids and four anthocyanins, among which pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest relative abundance among red pigmentation”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven key anthocyanin structural genes showed strong correlations with anthocyanin accumulation.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superbaGloriosa superbat0
- Gene
- seven key anthocyanin structural genese2
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e2“Transcriptome analysis revealed that seven key anthocyanin structural genes showed strong correlations with anthocyanin accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
GsSGR and GsPPH were upregulated during tepal maturation.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superbaGloriosa superbat0
- Organ / stage
- tepal maturatione3
- Gene
- GsSGR and GsPPHe3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degradation genese3
- Direction
- upregulatede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e3“several chlorophyll degradation genes, including GsSGR and GsPPH, were upregulated during tepal maturation”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll degradation pathways are transcriptionally activated concurrently with pigment accumulation.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superbaGloriosa superbat0
- Outcome
- transcriptional activation of chlorophyll degradation pathwayse4
- Qualifier
- concurrent with pigment accumulatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e4“suggesting transcriptional activation of chlorophyll degradation pathways concurrent with pigment accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
GsMYB75 and GsMYB114 are temporally distinct regulators associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superbaGloriosa superbat0
- Gene
- GsMYB75 and GsMYB114e5
- Outcome
- anthocyanin biosynthesise5
- Qualifier
- temporally distinct regulatorse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e5“Co-expression network analysis further identified GsMYB75 and GsMYB114 as temporally distinct regulators associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
GsMYB75 and GsMYB114 act together with bHLH, NAC and AP2/ERF transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Gloriosa superbaGloriosa superbat0
- Gene
- GsMYB75 and GsMYB114e5
- Outcome
- anthocyanin biosynthesise5
- Qualifier
- acting together with bHLH, NAC, and AP2/ERF transcription factorse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gloriosa superba”
e5“Co-expression network analysis further identified GsMYB75 and GsMYB114 as temporally distinct regulators associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis”
e6“acting together with bHLH, NAC, and AP2/ERF transcription factors”