Abstract
Irrigation of farmlands with contaminated river water poses a growing threat to agricultural sustainability in developing countries. This study assessed the accumulation of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in paddy soils and rice grains irrigated with polluted river water in West Java, Indonesia, compared to a control site supplied with clean irrigation water. Irrigation water, soil, and rice samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results revealed significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn in polluted soils and rice grains compared to the control site. Notably, rice from the polluted site exceeded Codex Alimentarius food safety limits for Pb (0.40 ± 0.05 mg/kg) and Cd (0.30 ± 0.04 mg/kg). Basic soil parameters (pH, organic carbon, available P, and total N) showed no major differences between sites, indicating that heavy metal accumulation occurred independently of soil fertility indices. Correlation analysis indicated that soil pH was negatively correlated with Cd concentration, while soil organic carbon was positively correlated with Zn. These findings confirm that wastewater irrigation leads to substantial heavy metal accumulation, threatening food safety in affected regions. The study underscores the urgency of regular monitoring, stricter industrial waste management, and safer irrigation practices in Indonesia.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grains irrigated with polluted river water had higher concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr than the control site.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Organ / stage
- rice grainse0
- Treatment
- polluted river watere1
- Outcome
- concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cre0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn in polluted soils and rice grains compared to the control site”
e1“rice grains irrigated with polluted river water”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grains irrigated with polluted river water had higher Cu and Zn than the control site.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- rice grainse0
- Treatment
- polluted river watere1
- Outcome
- Cu, and Zne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn in polluted soils and rice grains compared to the control site”
e1“rice grains irrigated with polluted river water”
Claim · model-written summary
Polluted soils irrigated with polluted river water had higher concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr than the control site.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- polluted river watere1
- Outcome
- concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cre0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in polluted soilse0
- Comparator
- control sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn in polluted soils and rice grains compared to the control site”
e1“rice grains irrigated with polluted river water”
Claim · model-written summary
Polluted soils irrigated with polluted river water had higher Cu and Zn than the control site.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- polluted river watere1
- Outcome
- Cu, and Zne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in polluted soilse0
- Comparator
- control sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn in polluted soils and rice grains compared to the control site”
e1“rice grains irrigated with polluted river water”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice from the polluted site exceeded the Codex Alimentarius food safety limit for Pb.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- polluted sitee2
- Outcome
- Pbe2
- Direction
- exceedede2
- Value
- 0.40 ± 0.05 mg/kge2
- Comparator
- Codex Alimentarius food safety limitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“rice from the polluted site exceeded Codex Alimentarius food safety limits for Pb (0.40 ± 0.05 mg/kg) and Cd (0.30 ± 0.04 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice from the polluted site exceeded the Codex Alimentarius food safety limit for Cd.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- polluted sitee2
- Outcome
- Cde2
- Direction
- exceedede2
- Value
- 0.30 ± 0.04 mg/kge2
- Comparator
- Codex Alimentarius food safety limitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“rice from the polluted site exceeded Codex Alimentarius food safety limits for Pb (0.40 ± 0.05 mg/kg) and Cd (0.30 ± 0.04 mg/kg)”
Claim · model-written summary
Basic soil parameters showed no major differences between the polluted and control sites.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Basic soil parameterse3
- Direction
- no major differencese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rice grains irrigated with polluted river water”
e3“Basic soil parameters (pH, organic carbon, available P, and total N) showed no major differences between sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH was negatively correlated with Cd concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- soil pHe4
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione4
- Direction
- negativelye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rice grains irrigated with polluted river water”
e4“soil pH was negatively correlated with Cd concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon was positively correlated with Zn.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- soil organic carbone5
- Outcome
- Zne5
- Direction
- positivelye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rice grains irrigated with polluted river water”
e5“soil organic carbon was positively correlated with Zn”
The same questions in other papers
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- positive
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See all 33 papers →pollution · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.