Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the early response of apple fruit infected with Penicillium expansum (P. expansum) to blue light-emitting diode (LED) light (BLL) irradiation. To focus our study on the interaction between apple fruit, the pathogen, and BLL, the effect of BLL was also studied on apples without P. expansum and P. expansum grown on malt extract agar (MEA). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the most pronounced responses among biological processes were observed in inoculated apples under BLL. The upregulated processes included water transport, response to heat, and response to high light intensity. The defence response of apples was enhanced by the upregulation of thaumatin-like proteins and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase, while the cellular response to phosphate deficiency and the regulation of multicellular organism development were downregulated. In P. expansum grown on apples under BLL, transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of genes related to signalling, response to organic compounds, and regulation of metabolic and biosynthetic processes, while genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were upregulated. In addition, the expression of patulin cluster genes was predominantly downregulated in P. expansum. The significant upregulation of genes related to cryptochrome inhibition, defence response, and caffeic acid metabolism in apples under BLL, together with the reduced virulence of P. expansum, contributes to the inhibition of fungal growth.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis showed the most pronounced responses among biological processes in inoculated apples under blue LED light.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- BLLe0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansumt1pathogen - Outcome
- most pronounced responses among biological processese0
- Qualifier
- inoculated applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Penicillium expansum”
e0“Transcriptome analysis revealed that the most pronounced responses among biological processes were observed in inoculated apples under BLL”
Claim · model-written summary
Upregulated processes in apples included water transport, response to heat and response to high light intensity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- water transport, response to heat, and response to high light intensitye0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“The upregulated processes included water transport, response to heat, and response to high light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
The defence response of apples was enhanced by upregulation of thaumatin-like proteins and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Gene
- thaumatin-like proteins and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferasee0
- Outcome
- defence responsee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The defence response of apples was enhanced by the upregulation of thaumatin-like proteins and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellular response to phosphate deficiency and regulation of multicellular organism development were downregulated in apples.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- cellular response to phosphate deficiency and the regulation of multicellular organism developmente0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“the cellular response to phosphate deficiency and the regulation of multicellular organism development were downregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
In P. expansum grown on apples under BLL, genes related to signalling, response to organic compounds and regulation of metabolic and biosynthetic processes were downregulated.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- BLLe0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- genes related to signalling, response to organic compounds, and regulation of metabolic and biosynthetic processese0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In P. expansum grown on apples under BLL, transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of genes related to signalling, response to organic compounds, and regulation of metabolic and biosynthetic processes”
Claim · model-written summary
In P. expansum grown on apples under BLL, genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were upregulated.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- BLLe0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolitese1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. expansum grown on apples under BLL”
e1“genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were upregulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of patulin cluster genes was predominantly downregulated in P. expansum.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Gene
- patulin cluster genese0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“the expression of patulin cluster genes was predominantly downregulated in P. expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that upregulation of genes related to cryptochrome inhibition, defence response and caffeic acid metabolism in apples under BLL, together with reduced P. expansum virulence, contributes to inhibition of fungal growth.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- BLLe0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Gene
- genes related to cryptochrome inhibition, defence response, and caffeic acid metabolisme0
- Outcome
- inhibition of fungal growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significant upregulation of genes related to cryptochrome inhibition, defence response, and caffeic acid metabolism in apples under BLL, together with the reduced virulence of P. expansum, contributes to the inhibition of fungal growth”