Abstract
L. Skeels is an ecological pillar of the arid zones of South-West Morocco, currently threatened by the drastic climate change. This study investigates the effect of the combined application of compost (C) and subsurface water retention technology (SWRT) on field performances of one-(1Y) and two-year-old (2Y) argan seedlings. A randomized field trial was performed with four treatments: Control, C, SWRT, and C + SWRT. We evaluated soil properties, growth, and physiology, alongside biochemical parameters including stress markers, compatible solutes, antioxidant enzyme activities, and secondary metabolites. The results reveal the significant effect of C and/or SWRT on argan seedlings performances, particularly in 1Y subjects. The C + SWRT strongly stimulated stem elongation (246% vs. 163%), stomatal conductance (75% vs. 99%), photosynthetic efficiency (18% vs. 11%), and chlorophyll a content (80% vs. 65%) in 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectively, compared to their corresponding controls. Under the same treatment, malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced by 37% in 1Y seedlings and 23% in 2Y seedlings. In addition, catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings and by 53, 51, 18, and 19%, respectively, in the elder seedlings. In terms of soil health, C + SWRT significantly enhanced total organic carbon and matter, available phosphorus, and reduced electrical conductivity. In summary, the C + SWRT application significantly improved argan plant performances, with a particularly marked effect on 1Y seedlings, which makes this combination an alternative solution to enhance the resilience of the argan tree in the era of climate change and promote the success of the reforestation program.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
C + SWRT stimulated stem elongation by 246% in 1Y and 163% in 2Y argan seedlings relative to their controls.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. Skeels
Sideroxylon spinosumt0 - Treatment
- The C + SWRTe0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione1
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 246% vs. 163%e1
- Qualifier
- 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectivelye2
- Comparator
- their corresponding controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C + SWRT strongly stimulated”
e1“stem elongation (246% vs. 163%)”
e2“in 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectively, compared to their corresponding controls”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
C + SWRT stimulated stomatal conductance by 75% in 1Y and 99% in 2Y argan seedlings relative to their controls.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 75% vs. 99%e1
- Qualifier
- 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectivelye2
- Comparator
- their corresponding controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C + SWRT strongly stimulated”
e1“stomatal conductance (75% vs. 99%)”
e2“in 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectively, compared to their corresponding controls”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
C + SWRT stimulated photosynthetic efficiency by 18% in 1Y and 11% in 2Y argan seedlings relative to their controls.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye1
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 18% vs. 11%e1
- Qualifier
- 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectivelye2
- Comparator
- their corresponding controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C + SWRT strongly stimulated”
e1“photosynthetic efficiency (18% vs. 11%)”
e2“in 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectively, compared to their corresponding controls”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
C + SWRT stimulated chlorophyll a content by 80% in 1Y and 65% in 2Y argan seedlings relative to their controls.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a contente1
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 80% vs. 65%e1
- Qualifier
- 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectivelye2
- Comparator
- their corresponding controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The C + SWRT strongly stimulated”
e1“chlorophyll a content (80% vs. 65%)”
e2“in 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectively, compared to their corresponding controls”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Under C + SWRT, malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced by 37% in 1Y argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced by 37% in 1Y seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Under C + SWRT, malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced by 23% in 2Y argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced by 37% in 1Y seedlings and 23% in 2Y seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity increased by 38% in younger argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38e0
- Qualifier
- younger seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar content increased by 43% in younger argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43e0
- Qualifier
- younger seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content increased by 26% in younger argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26e0
- Qualifier
- younger seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenol content increased by 21% in younger argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- polyphenol contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- younger seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity increased by 53% in elder argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53e0
- Qualifier
- elder seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings and by 53, 51, 18, and 19%, respectively, in the elder seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar content increased by 51% in elder argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51e0
- Qualifier
- elder seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings and by 53, 51, 18, and 19%, respectively, in the elder seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content increased by 18% in elder argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18e0
- Qualifier
- elder seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings and by 53, 51, 18, and 19%, respectively, in the elder seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenol content increased by 19% in elder argan seedlings.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- The C + SWRTe1
- Outcome
- polyphenol contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Qualifier
- elder seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings and by 53, 51, 18, and 19%, respectively, in the elder seedlings”
e1“The C + SWRT”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
C + SWRT significantly enhanced soil total organic carbon and matter and available phosphorus.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- C + SWRTe0
- Outcome
- total organic carbon and matter, available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C + SWRT significantly enhanced total organic carbon and matter, available phosphorus”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
C + SWRT reduced soil electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- Argania spinosa L. SkeelsSideroxylon spinosumt0
- Treatment
- C + SWRTe0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C + SWRT significantly enhanced total organic carbon and matter, available phosphorus, and reduced electrical conductivity”
t0“Argania spinosa L. Skeels”
Claim · model-written summary
C + SWRT application significantly improved argan plant performances, particularly in 1Y seedlings.
- Taxon
- argane0
- Treatment
- C + SWRT applicatione0
- Outcome
- argan plant performancese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- particularly marked effect on 1Y seedlingse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the C + SWRT application significantly improved argan plant performances, with a particularly marked effect on 1Y seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors present the C + SWRT combination as an alternative solution to enhance argan tree resilience to climate change and support reforestation.
Verbatim
e0“which makes this combination an alternative solution to enhance the resilience of the argan tree in the era of climate change and promote the success of the reforestation program”