Paper · 2026 · Agronomy

Cluster Root Formation in Macadamia integrifolia Seedlings: Responses to Phosphorus and Variation Among Grafted Scions

Kwanho Jeong; Suzy Rogiers; Abraham J. Gibson; et al.

7
claims
14
verbatim quotes
1
citations
4
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), yet their development under different P levels and effects of different grafted scion/rootstock combinations are not well understood. This study examined cluster root formation in seedlings under varying soil P levels and evaluated cluster root differences between two different rootstocks, each grafted with five different scions. Cluster roots first appeared at 42 days after planting (DAP), with low P promoting greater root number but without increasing biomass. High P application (800 mg P pot−1) suppressed cluster root number by around 50%, corresponding to leaf P concentrations of ~1.05 mg g−1. Scions and rootstocks influenced cluster root development, with the H2 rootstock supporting more cluster roots than Beaumont. These results show that cluster root formation in macadamia is modulated by both P availability and genetics.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 7

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Macadamia cluster roots first appeared 42 days after planting.

Taxon
macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)Macadamia integrifoliae0
Outcome
Cluster roots first appearede1
Value
42 days after plantinge1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifolia · TaxonForest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–86 · show in text ↑
e1

“Cluster roots first appeared at 42 days after planting (DAP)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 420–480 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Low phosphorus promoted greater cluster root number.

Taxon
macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)Macadamia integrifoliae0
Treatment
low Pe1
Outcome
root numbere1
Direction
greatere1

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifolia · TaxonForest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–86 · show in text ↑
e1

“low P promoting greater root number but without increasing biomass”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 487–553 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Low phosphorus did not increase biomass.

Taxon
macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)Macadamia integrifoliae0
Treatment
low Pe1
Outcome
biomasse1
Direction
without increasinge1

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifolia · TaxonForest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–86 · show in text ↑
e1

“low P promoting greater root number but without increasing biomass”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 487–553 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High phosphorus suppressed cluster root number by around 50%.

Taxon
macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)Macadamia integrifoliae0
Treatment
High P application (800 mg P pot−1)e1
Outcome
cluster root numbere1
Direction
suppressede1
Value
around 50%e1

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifolia · TaxonForest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–86 · show in text ↑
e1

“High P application (800 mg P pot−1) suppressed cluster root number by around 50%”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 555–635 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High phosphorus suppression of cluster roots corresponded to leaf phosphorus concentrations of about 1.05 mg g−1.

Taxon
macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)Macadamia integrifoliae0
Treatment
High P application (800 mg P pot−1)e1
Outcome
leaf P concentrationse1
Value
~1.05 mg g−1e1

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifolia · TaxonForest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–86 · show in text ↑
e1

“High P application (800 mg P pot−1) suppressed cluster root number by around 50%, corresponding to leaf P concentrations of ~1.05 mg g−1”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 555–691 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Scions and rootstocks affected cluster root development.

Taxon
macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)Macadamia integrifoliae0
Material
Scions and rootstockse1
Outcome
cluster root developmente1

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifolia · TaxonForest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–86 · show in text ↑
e1

“Scions and rootstocks influenced cluster root development”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 693–750 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

H2 rootstock supported more cluster roots than Beaumont.

Taxon
macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)Macadamia integrifoliae0
Material
H2 rootstocke1
Outcome
cluster rootse1
Direction
moree1
Comparator
Beaumonte1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Macadamia integrifolia
Macadamia integrifolia · TaxonForest & Kim Starr · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Cluster roots enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–86 · show in text ↑
e1

“the H2 rootstock supporting more cluster roots than Beaumont”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 757–817 · show in text ↑

phosphorus · growth · Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia nut)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.