Abstract
Salinity tolerance in blackgram is genotype- and growth stage-specific, and the crop is highly susceptible to salinity stress. Therefore, deciphering the tolerance mechanisms of available germplasm is crucial for breeding genotypes with multiple salinity tolerance traits. In this study, a fuzzy logic based comprehensive approach using membership function values (MFVs) was employed to integrate multiple traits involving morphology (root and shoot length and their fresh and dry weights), ion accumulation (sodium and potassium), physiology (SPAD, NDVI, chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, and relative water content), and biochemical parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, malondialdehyde, chlorophyll, and proline) into a single comprehensive metric for evaluating salt tolerance and to identify promising genotypes. Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content. Salinity-sensitive genotypes exhibited increased root length and higher sodium ion accumulation across all plant parts. In contrast, tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content, enzymatic activity, higher leaf biomass, and better ion homeostasis throughout the plant. On the basis of principal component analysis (PCA) and membership function values, tolerant (VBG 19010 and VBG 17007) and susceptible (VBG 13003 and ADT 3) genotypes were identified for further molecular dissection. These tolerant genotypes can be used to identify the possible genomic regions and metabolites responsible for salinity tolerance in black gram and serve as valuable resources for crop breeding programs.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced fresh and dry biomass.
- Taxon
- blackgram
Vigna mungot0 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced photosynthetic pigments and related traits.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments and related traitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced relative water content.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced potassium levels.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- potassium levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased sodium accumulation.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- sodium accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing sodium accumulation”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased proline content.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-sensitive genotypes had increased root length.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- Salinity-sensitive genotypese0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity-sensitive genotypes exhibited increased root length”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-sensitive genotypes had higher sodium accumulation throughout their plant parts.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- Salinity-sensitive genotypese0
- Outcome
- sodium ion accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- across all plant partse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity-sensitive genotypes exhibited increased root length and higher sodium ion accumulation across all plant parts”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes showed greater enzymatic activity.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese2
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content, enzymatic activity”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes showed higher leaf biomass.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese2
- Outcome
- leaf biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher leaf biomass”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes showed better ion homeostasis.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese2
- Outcome
- ion homeostasise0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“better ion homeostasis throughout the plant”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
VBG 19010 and VBG 17007 were classified as tolerant.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- VBG 19010 and VBG 17007e0
- Outcome
- tolerante0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tolerant (VBG 19010 and VBG 17007)”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
VBG 13003 and ADT 3 were classified as susceptible.
- Taxon
- blackgramVigna mungot0
- Material
- VBG 13003 and ADT 3e0
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“susceptible (VBG 13003 and ADT 3)”
e1“Salinity stress significantly reduced fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments and related traits, relative water content, and potassium levels, while increasing sodium accumulation, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant enzyme activity, and proline content.”
e2“tolerant genotypes showed greater photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content”
t0“blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose the tolerant genotypes as resources for genomic and metabolite discovery and crop breeding.
- Taxon
- black gramVigna mungoe0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese0
- Outcome
- valuable resources for crop breeding programse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These tolerant genotypes can be used to identify the possible genomic regions and metabolites responsible for salinity tolerance in black gram and serve as valuable resources for crop breeding programs”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · growth · Vigna mungo (black gram)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →salinity · nutrient: content · Vigna mungo (black gram)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · physiology: water · Vigna mungo (black gram)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Vigna mungo (black gram)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Vigna mungo (black gram)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.