Abstract
Efficient resource allocation during fruit expansion and ripening is critical for enhancing mango (Mangifera indica L.) productivity and fruit quality. A study was conducted to quantify the effects of foliar-applied GA3 at concentrations of 0 (control), 50 (GA50), 100 (GA100) and 200 (GA200) mg L−1, applied at 15, 25 and 35 days after full bloom, on fruit physiochemical attributes during the fruit expansion and ripening phases. In addition, metabolic profiling and pathway analysis were conducted after fruit ripening. Compared with the control, GA3 application at 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 increased fruit length by 8, 12, and 14%, and fruit diameter by 5, 11, and 14%, respectively. The mean single-fruit weight was increased by 5–11% at physiological maturity. During the fruit expansion phase, GA3 treatment decreased starch and total acidity by up to 11% and 29%, respectively, while increasing the soluble sugar content by 21%. Furthermore, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT), accompanied by a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in leaves, were observed. At the ripening stage, GA3-treated fruits exhibited lower weight loss, higher firmness, more uniform color development, and reduced disease incidence, although vitamin C content and total soluble solids declined. PCA analysis identified GA100 as the optimal treatment. Metabolomics analysis revealed 287 differentially regulated metabolites between GA100 and the control. Sweet, fruity, and floral compounds were upregulated, whereas terpenoids and aldehydes were downregulated. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that GA100 modulated key resource-related metabolic pathways, including nitrogen, carbon and energy metabolism, thereby promoting efficient resource allocation toward fruit growth, quality, and aroma development. Overall, preharvest foliar application of GA3, particularly at a concentration of 100 mg L−1 (GA100), markedly improved mango fruit growth and quality but tended to simplify the aroma profiles by favoring ester production over complex terpenoid-derived notes.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 50 mg L−1 increased mango fruit length by 8%.
- Taxon
- mango
_from_India.jpg?width=60)
Mangifera indicat0 - Treatment
- 50e0
- Outcome
- fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, GA3 application at 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 increased fruit length by 8, 12, and 14%, and fruit diameter by 5, 11, and 14%, respectively.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 100 mg L−1 increased mango fruit length by 12%.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 100e0
- Outcome
- fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, GA3 application at 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 increased fruit length by 8, 12, and 14%, and fruit diameter by 5, 11, and 14%, respectively.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 200 mg L−1 increased mango fruit length by 14%.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 200e0
- Outcome
- fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, GA3 application at 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 increased fruit length by 8, 12, and 14%, and fruit diameter by 5, 11, and 14%, respectively.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 50 mg L−1 increased mango fruit diameter by 5%.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 50e0
- Outcome
- fruit diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, GA3 application at 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 increased fruit length by 8, 12, and 14%, and fruit diameter by 5, 11, and 14%, respectively.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 100 mg L−1 increased mango fruit diameter by 11%.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 100e0
- Outcome
- fruit diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, GA3 application at 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 increased fruit length by 8, 12, and 14%, and fruit diameter by 5, 11, and 14%, respectively.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 at 200 mg L−1 increased mango fruit diameter by 14%.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 200e0
- Outcome
- fruit diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, GA3 application at 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1 increased fruit length by 8, 12, and 14%, and fruit diameter by 5, 11, and 14%, respectively.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 increased mean single-fruit weight by 5–11% at maturity.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA3t0
- Outcome
- mean single-fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5–11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean single-fruit weight was increased by 5–11% at physiological maturity.”
t0“GA3) Enhances Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 decreased fruit starch by up to 11% during expansion.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the fruit expansion phase, GA3 treatment decreased starch and total acidity by up to 11% and 29%, respectively, while increasing the soluble sugar content by 21%.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 decreased fruit total acidity by up to 29%.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- total aciditye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the fruit expansion phase, GA3 treatment decreased starch and total acidity by up to 11% and 29%, respectively, while increasing the soluble sugar content by 21%.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 increased fruit soluble sugar content by 21%.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the fruit expansion phase, GA3 treatment decreased starch and total acidity by up to 11% and 29%, respectively, while increasing the soluble sugar content by 21%.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 enhanced SOD, POD and CAT activities and reduced leaf MDA.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT), accompanied by a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in leaves, were observed.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3-treated fruit had lower weight loss, higher firmness and more uniform color at ripening.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA3-treatede0
- Outcome
- weight losse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the ripening stage, GA3-treated fruits exhibited lower weight loss, higher firmness, more uniform color development, and reduced disease incidence, although vitamin C content and total soluble solids declined.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3-treated mango fruit had reduced disease incidence at ripening.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA3-treatede0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the ripening stage, GA3-treated fruits exhibited lower weight loss, higher firmness, more uniform color development, and reduced disease incidence, although vitamin C content and total soluble solids declined.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin C content and total soluble solids declined in GA3-treated fruit.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA3-treatede0
- Outcome
- vitamin C content and total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the ripening stage, GA3-treated fruits exhibited lower weight loss, higher firmness, more uniform color development, and reduced disease incidence, although vitamin C content and total soluble solids declined.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA identified GA100 as the optimal treatment.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA100e0
- Outcome
- optimal treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCA analysis identified GA100 as the optimal treatment.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomics found 287 differentially regulated metabolites with GA100 versus control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA100e0
- Outcome
- differentially regulated metabolitese0
- Value
- 287e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolomics analysis revealed 287 differentially regulated metabolites between GA100 and the control.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Sweet, fruity and floral compounds were upregulated.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- Sweet, fruity, and floral compoundse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sweet, fruity, and floral compounds were upregulated, whereas terpenoids and aldehydes were downregulated.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpenoids and aldehydes were downregulated.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- terpenoids and aldehydese0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sweet, fruity, and floral compounds were upregulated, whereas terpenoids and aldehydes were downregulated.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
GA100 modulated nitrogen, carbon and energy metabolic pathways.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- GA100e0
- Outcome
- resource-related metabolic pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KEGG pathway analysis indicated that GA100 modulated key resource-related metabolic pathways, including nitrogen, carbon and energy metabolism, thereby promoting efficient resource allocation toward fruit growth, quality, and aroma development.”
t0“Mango”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded 100 mg L−1 GA3 improved mango fruit quality while simplifying aroma.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- preharvest foliar application of GA3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, preharvest foliar application of GA3, particularly at a concentration of 100 mg L−1 (GA100), markedly improved mango fruit growth and quality but tended to simplify the aroma profiles by favoring ester production over complex terpenoid-derived notes.”
t0“Mango”
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