Abstract
Apoplastic acidification represents a pivotal mechanism in the co-evolutionary dynamics between plants and pathogens. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we unveil a mechanism by which the stripe rust fungal (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) effector manipulates plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases to promote apoplastic acidification and attenuate host immune responses. We identified a wheat (Triticum aestivum) PM H+-ATPase (TaHA2) as a key regulator of apoplastic pH and defense responses to Pst infection. The overexpression of TaHA2 exacerbated apoplastic acidification and Pst susceptibility, whereas the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of TaHA2 in wheat conferred broad-spectrum resistance against multiple rust pathogens without compromising agronomic traits. Mechanistically, we found that the wheat calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 9 (TaCIPK9) phosphorylates TaHA2 at Ser-933, triggering intramolecular interactions between its C-terminal autoinhibitory domain and the central loop, thereby suppressing TaHA2 activity. Conversely, the CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membrane)-containing Pst effector PstCFEM2 competitively binds to the C-terminus of TaHA2, disrupting TaCIPK9-mediated phosphorylation and relieving autoinhibition. This effector-driven activation of TaHA2 amplifies apoplastic acidification and stomatal opening, ultimately dampening plant immunity. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which pathogens promote infection by subverting host pH regulation and provide a theoretical framework for engineering disease resistance through the manipulation of susceptibility genes.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat PM H+-ATPase TaHA2 was identified as a key regulator of apoplastic pH and defense responses to Pst infection.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Gene
- TaHA2e0
- Outcome
- apoplastic pH and defense responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We identified a wheat (Triticum aestivum) PM H+-ATPase (TaHA2) as a key regulator of apoplastic pH and defense responses to Pst infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of TaHA2 exacerbated apoplastic acidification and susceptibility to Pst.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- overexpression of TaHA2e0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Gene
- TaHA2e0
- Outcome
- apoplastic acidification and Pst susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The overexpression of TaHA2 exacerbated apoplastic acidification and Pst susceptibility”
t0“wheat susceptibility”
Claim · model-written summary
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of TaHA2 in wheat conferred broad-spectrum resistance against multiple rust pathogens.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of TaHA2e0
- Interactor
- rust pathogense0pathogen
- Gene
- TaHA2e0
- Outcome
- broad-spectrum resistance against multiple rust pathogense0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of TaHA2 in wheat conferred broad-spectrum resistance against multiple rust pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
CRISPR-Cas9 inactivation of TaHA2 in wheat did not compromise agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of TaHA2e0
- Gene
- TaHA2e0
- Outcome
- agronomic traitse0
- Direction
- without compromisinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of TaHA2 in wheat conferred broad-spectrum resistance against multiple rust pathogens without compromising agronomic traits”
Claim · model-written summary
TaCIPK9 phosphorylates TaHA2 at Ser-933, triggering intramolecular interactions that suppress TaHA2 activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- TaCIPK9e0
- Outcome
- TaHA2 activitye0
- Qualifier
- phosphorylates TaHA2 at Ser-933e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the wheat calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 9 (TaCIPK9) phosphorylates TaHA2 at Ser-933, triggering intramolecular interactions between its C-terminal autoinhibitory domain and the central loop, thereby suppressing TaHA2 activity”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pst effector PstCFEM2 competitively binds the C-terminus of TaHA2, disrupting TaCIPK9-mediated phosphorylation and relieving autoinhibition.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Gene
- PstCFEM2e0
- Outcome
- TaCIPK9-mediated phosphorylatione0
- Direction
- disruptinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membrane)-containing Pst effector PstCFEM2 competitively binds to the C-terminus of TaHA2, disrupting TaCIPK9-mediated phosphorylation and relieving autoinhibition”
t0“wheat susceptibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Effector-driven activation of TaHA2 amplifies apoplastic acidification and stomatal opening, ultimately dampening plant immunity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaHA2e0
- Outcome
- apoplastic acidification and stomatal openinge0
- Qualifier
- ultimately dampening plant immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effector-driven activation of TaHA2 amplifies apoplastic acidification and stomatal opening, ultimately dampening plant immunity”
t0“wheat susceptibility”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
80 papers in the same direction as this paper · 96 in the opposite direction
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