Abstract
ABSTRACT Much of the current literature on the mechanisms of plant resistance to pathogens has focused on the role of cellular sensors that initiate a “pathogen-associated molecular-pattern triggered immunity” or PTI response. Less attention has been given to the benefits that some common metabolites may provide to plant resistance. In this study, an untargeted metabolomic analysis identified 230 metabolites that were 3-fold higher in the trap crop Solanum sisymbriifolium than in two nematode-susceptible potato varieties. Several of these metabolites had nematicidal activity in vitro against the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi , M. incognita , and M. hapla , at concentrations measured in Solanum sisymbriifolium roots. The most effective of the chemicals tested were furoic, aconitic, and quinic acids. Further studies revealed first that the 3 acids were most effective at or below their acid dissociation constant (pKa) implying that the protonated forms were better able than the charged ones to cross cell membranes and/or bind to critical targets. Second, that the effects of these chemicals were due partially to their structures and not to the creation of an acidic environment. Third, that these chemicals acted additively indicating that S. sisymbriifolium resistance may be partially due to a combination of metabolites rather than to any single chemical.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The trap crop had 230 metabolites at least threefold higher abundance than two susceptible potato varieties.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifolium
Solanum sisymbriifoliume0 - Outcome
- metabolitese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 230 metabolitese0
- Comparator
- two nematode-susceptible potato varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified 230 metabolites that were 3-fold higher in the trap crop Solanum sisymbriifolium than in two nematode-susceptible potato varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Several metabolites had nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne chitwoodi in vitro at root concentrations.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliume0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne chitwoodi
.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne chitwoodie0pathogen - Outcome
- nematicidal activitye0
- Qualifier
- at concentrations measured in Solanum sisymbriifolium rootse0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Several of these metabolites had nematicidal activity in vitro against the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi , M. incognita , and M. hapla , at concentrations measured in Solanum sisymbriifolium roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Several metabolites had nematicidal activity against M. incognita in vitro at root concentrations.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliume0
- Interactor
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Outcome
- nematicidal activitye0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Several of these metabolites had nematicidal activity in vitro against the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi , M. incognita , and M. hapla , at concentrations measured in Solanum sisymbriifolium roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Several metabolites had nematicidal activity against M. hapla in vitro at root concentrations.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliume0
- Interactor
- M. hapla
Meloidogyne haplae0pathogen - Outcome
- nematicidal activitye0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several of these metabolites had nematicidal activity in vitro against the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi , M. incognita , and M. hapla , at concentrations measured in Solanum sisymbriifolium roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Furoic acid was among the most effective tested chemicals against nematodes.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliumt0
- Compound
- furoice0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum sisymbriifolium contribute to its resistance against nematodes”
e0“The most effective of the chemicals tested were furoic, aconitic, and quinic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Aconitic acid was among the most effective tested chemicals against nematodes.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliumt0
- Compound
- aconitice0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum sisymbriifolium contribute to its resistance against nematodes”
e0“The most effective of the chemicals tested were furoic, aconitic, and quinic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Quinic acid was among the most effective tested chemicals against nematodes.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliumt0
- Compound
- quinic acidse0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum sisymbriifolium contribute to its resistance against nematodes”
e0“The most effective of the chemicals tested were furoic, aconitic, and quinic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
The three acids were most effective at or below their pKa.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliumt0
- Compound
- the 3 acidse0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Qualifier
- at or below their acid dissociation constant (pKa)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum sisymbriifolium”
e0“the 3 acids were most effective at or below their acid dissociation constant (pKa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical effects were partly attributable to structure rather than just acidification.
- Taxon
- Solanum sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliumt0
- Outcome
- effects of these chemicalse0
- Qualifier
- due partially to their structures and not to the creation of an acidic environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Solanum sisymbriifolium”
e0“the effects of these chemicals were due partially to their structures and not to the creation of an acidic environment”
Claim · model-written summary
The chemicals acted additively, suggesting resistance can arise from a metabolite combination.
- Taxon
- S. sisymbriifoliumSolanum sisymbriifoliume0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Qualifier
- a combination of metabolites rather than to any single chemicale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these chemicals acted additively indicating that S. sisymbriifolium resistance may be partially due to a combination of metabolites rather than to any single chemical”