Abstract
AIMS: Plant root symbiotic fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMFs) and dark septate endophytes (DSEs), increase host salt tolerance, but their combined effects remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these fungi isolated from Pinus tabulaeformis on seedling growth and physiology under NaCl stress, and clarify the pathways of their synergistic improvement of P. tabulaeformis salt tolerance. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two experiments were performed: (1) An in vitro assay tested the salt tolerance of two ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF: Suillus granulatus, Pisolithus tinctorius) and two dark septate endophytes (DSEs: Pseudopyrenochaeta sp., Pleotrichocladium opacum) at NaCl concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mol·L-1; (2) A pot experiment evaluated P. tabulaeformis seedlings inoculated with single/mixed fungi under soil NaCl stress (0, 1, 2, 3 g·kg-1). Fungal biomass and most antioxidant/osmoregulatory traits peaked at moderate NaCl levels in vitro, except for Pleotrichocladium opacum (Po), where superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble protein contents increased with rising NaCl concentration. In the pot experiment, inoculated seedlings exhibited improved plant height, biomass, root development, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmolyte accumulation under salt stress, along with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ accumulation, and Na+/K+ ratios, compared with uninoculated controls. Mixed inoculation of ECMF and DSEs showed synergistic effects on most growth and stress resistance indicators relative to single inoculation. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the potential of ECMF and DSE to increase P. tabulaeformis salt tolerance via growth promotion, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis, with combined inoculation offering synergistic benefits for saline soil restoration.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal biomass and most antioxidant and osmoregulatory traits peaked at moderate NaCl in vitro.
- Taxon
- Pinus tabulaeformis
Pinus tabuliformist0 - Treatment
- moderate NaCl levelse0
- Outcome
- Fungal biomass and most antioxidant/osmoregulatory traitse0
- Direction
- peakede0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungal biomass and most antioxidant/osmoregulatory traits peaked at moderate NaCl levels in vitro”
t0“Pinus tabulaeformis”
Claim · model-written summary
For Pleotrichocladium opacum, SOD, POD and soluble protein increased with NaCl concentration.
- Taxon
- Pinus tabulaeformisPinus tabuliformist0
- Treatment
- rising NaCl concentratione0
- Interactor
- Pleotrichocladium opacumPleotrichocladium opacume0symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pleotrichocladium opacum (Po), where superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and soluble protein contents increased with rising NaCl concentration”
t0“Pinus tabulaeformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated seedlings showed improved height, biomass and root development under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Pinus tabulaeformisPinus tabuliformist0
- Treatment
- inoculated seedlingse0
- Outcome
- plant height, biomass, root developmente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculated seedlings exhibited improved plant height, biomass, root development, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmolyte accumulation under salt stress, along with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ accumulation, and Na+/K+ ratios, compared with uninoculated controls”
t0“Pinus tabulaeformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated seedlings had improved antioxidant enzyme activities and osmolyte accumulation under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Pinus tabulaeformisPinus tabuliformist0
- Treatment
- inoculated seedlingse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmolyte accumulatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculated seedlings exhibited improved plant height, biomass, root development, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmolyte accumulation under salt stress, along with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ accumulation, and Na+/K+ ratios, compared with uninoculated controls”
t0“Pinus tabulaeformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced MDA content, sodium accumulation and Na+/K+ ratios under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Pinus tabulaeformisPinus tabuliformist0
- Treatment
- inoculated seedlingse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ accumulation, and Na+/K+ ratiose0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculated seedlings exhibited improved plant height, biomass, root development, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmolyte accumulation under salt stress, along with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ accumulation, and Na+/K+ ratios, compared with uninoculated controls”
t0“Pinus tabulaeformis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed ECMF and DSE inoculation had synergistic effects on most growth and resistance indicators relative to single inoculation.
- Taxon
- Pinus tabulaeformisPinus tabuliformist0
- Treatment
- Mixed inoculation of ECMF and DSEse0
- Outcome
- most growth and stress resistance indicatorse0
- Comparator
- single inoculatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mixed inoculation of ECMF and DSEs showed synergistic effects on most growth and stress resistance indicators relative to single inoculation”
t0“Pinus tabulaeformis”
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