Abstract
As a result of Iraq’s scarcity of fresh water, there is a need to find alternative, non-traditional irrigation methods and technologies that would increase water use efficiency and reduce the negative impact of salinity on the tomato crop. The experiment was conducted in the field over two consecutive seasons in heavy soil using a drip irrigation system. The study employed two types of irrigation water with different salinity levels (low, symbolized as q1 = 0.8 ds m−1) and high, symbolized as (q2 = 5.8 ds m−1), and added in three ways: Q1 (q1), Q2 (q1, q2), and Q3 (q2). Two levels of organic matter (F2 and F3) were also used, along with a control treatment without the addition of F1. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of alternating fresh and saline water on tomato productivity, as well as to determine the impact and effectiveness of organic fertilizer in mitigating the negative effects of saline irrigation water and improving the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Statistical analysis showed that both irrigation water quality and amendments had a significant effect on the studied properties. The study year did not affect the overall characteristics of the study, but only the water conductivity and weighted diameter. The results showed an increase in water use efficiency, with averages of 20.7 and 21.13 kg ha−1 mm−1. when using fresh water and a high level of organic matter addition, sequentially. The water quality treatment Q2, combined with soil amendment F3, achieved the highest yield compared to the fresh water treatment Q1 combined with a control treatment (F1), reaching 4.321 and 3.993 kg plant−1, respectively. This was achieved while conserving fresh water by 50% when using moderately saline drainage water with added amendments, without a significant decrease in tomato yield. Therefore, this study proposes adopting a strategy of using saline water with medium electrical conductivity as a partial alternative to low-salinity water, while incorporating organic amendments to ensure sustainable production in water-scarce regions.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation water quality and amendments significantly affected studied properties.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation water quality and amendmentse0
- Outcome
- studied propertiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both irrigation water quality and amendments had a significant effect on the studied properties”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Study year affected water conductivity and weighted diameter, but not overall characteristics.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- water conductivity and weighted diametere0
- Setting
- study yeare0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study year did not affect the overall characteristics of the study, but only the water conductivity and weighted diameter”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh water raised water use efficiency to 20.7 kg ha−1 mm−1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- fresh watere0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed an increase in water use efficiency, with averages of 20.7 and 21.13 kg ha−1 mm−1. when using fresh water and a high level of organic matter addition, sequentially”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High organic matter raised water use efficiency to 21.13 kg ha−1 mm−1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high level of organic matter additione0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 21.13 kg ha−1 mm−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed an increase in water use efficiency, with averages of 20.7 and 21.13 kg ha−1 mm−1. when using fresh water and a high level of organic matter addition, sequentially”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Q2 water with F3 amendment yielded 4.321 kg plant−1, highest versus Q1 with F1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water quality treatment Q2, combined with soil amendment F3e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.321e0
- Qualifier
- 3.993 kg plant−1e0
- Comparator
- fresh water treatment Q1 combined with a control treatment (F1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water quality treatment Q2, combined with soil amendment F3, achieved the highest yield compared to the fresh water treatment Q1 combined with a control treatment (F1), reaching 4.321 and 3.993 kg plant−1, respectively”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline drainage water with amendments conserved 50% fresh water without a significant yield decrease.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- moderately saline drainage water with added amendmentse0
- Outcome
- fresh watere0
- Direction
- conservinge0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- without a significant decrease in tomato yielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conserving fresh water by 50% when using moderately saline drainage water with added amendments, without a significant decrease in tomato yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose partially replacing low-salinity water with medium-conductivity saline water plus organic amendments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- using saline water with medium electrical conductivity as a partial alternative to low-salinity water, while incorporating organic amendmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this study proposes adopting a strategy of using saline water with medium electrical conductivity as a partial alternative to low-salinity water, while incorporating organic amendments”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
other · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
116 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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See all 130 papers →organic · physiology: water · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.