Abstract
Bacillus velezensis is a plant-growth-promoting bacterium with considerable potential to enhance soil nutrient availability and crop nutrient uptake. To elucidate the microecological and molecular mechanisms underlying its growth-promoting effects in muskmelon, a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV). We systematically analyzed rhizosphere soil nutrients, enzyme activities, yield, and fruit quality, combined with high-throughput sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics. BV treatment increased muskmelon yield by 31.67% and elevated fruit contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and vitamin C. It also significantly restructured microbial communities in the rhizosphere and root endosphere. Functional genera such as Actinomadura and Luteitalea , involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient activation, were enriched in the rhizosphere. Beneficial bacteria such as Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas , associated with phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and stress resistance, were enriched in the root endosphere. These microbial shifts drove soil nutrient optimization, significantly increasing NO 3 ⁻ –N and available phosphorus by 42.06% and 34.34%, respectively ( P < 0.05). Key enzyme activities (URE, CAT, INV) were upregulated, enhancing carbon and nitrogen transformation. Metabolomic analysis revealed upregulation of organic nitrogen compounds, nucleotides, and signaling molecules such as benzothiazepines and saccharolipids, while phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was downregulated, indicating a metabolic shift from defense to growth promotion. Integrated multi-omics revealed that BV established a “microbe–soil–metabolite” network, where microbial communities correlated positively with soil nutrients and beneficial metabolites, synergistically improving nutrient cycling and energy metabolism. This study demonstrates that B. velezensis enhances muskmelon yield and quality by restructuring functional microbiota, activating soil enzymes and nutrient cycling, and reprogramming metabolic resource allocation, thereby optimizing the rhizosphere microecosystem.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
BV increased muskmelon yield by 31.67%.
- Taxon
- muskmelon
.jpg?width=60)
Cucumis meloe0 - Treatment
- BV treatmente0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis
Bacillus velezensise1symbiont - Outcome
- muskmelon yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.67%e0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
- Setting
- fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“BV treatment increased muskmelon yield by 31.67% and elevated fruit contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and vitamin C.”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
Claim · model-written summary
BV elevated fruit soluble sugar, soluble protein and vitamin C contents.
- Taxon
- muskmelonCucumis meloe0
- Treatment
- BV treatmente0
- Interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
- Setting
- fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BV treatment increased muskmelon yield by 31.67% and elevated fruit contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and vitamin C.”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
Claim · model-written summary
BV significantly restructured rhizosphere and root endosphere microbial communities.
- Taxon
- muskmelonCucumis melot0
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere and root endospheree0
- Treatment
- live B. velezensis biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- microbial communitiese0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly restructured microbial communities in the rhizosphere and root endosphere.”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Actinomadura was enriched in the rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- Actinomadura
.jpg?width=60)
Actinomadurae0 - Treatment
- live B. velezensis biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- muskmelonCucumis melot0host
- Second interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- Actinomadurae0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Functional genera such as Actinomadura and Luteitalea , involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient activation, were enriched in the rhizosphere.”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Luteitalea was enriched in the rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- LuteitaleaLuteitaleae0
- Treatment
- live B. velezensis biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- muskmelonCucumis melot0host
- Second interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- Luteitaleae0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Functional genera such as Actinomadura and Luteitalea , involved in organic matter decomposition and nutrient activation, were enriched in the rhizosphere.”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Chryseobacterium was enriched in the root endosphere.
- Taxon
- Chryseobacterium
Chryseobacteriume0 - Treatment
- live B. velezensis biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- muskmelonCucumis melot0host
- Second interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- Chryseobacteriume0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beneficial bacteria such as Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas , associated with phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and stress resistance, were enriched in the root endosphere.”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas was enriched in the root endosphere.
- Taxon
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0 - Treatment
- live B. velezensis biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- muskmelonCucumis melot0host
- Second interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- Pseudomonase0
- Direction
- enrichede0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Beneficial bacteria such as Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas , associated with phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and stress resistance, were enriched in the root endosphere.”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial shifts significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen by 42.06%.
- Treatment
- live B. velezensis biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- NO 3 ⁻ –Ne0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 42.06%e0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These microbial shifts drove soil nutrient optimization, significantly increasing NO 3 ⁻ –N and available phosphorus by 42.06% and 34.34%, respectively ( P < 0.05).”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial shifts significantly increased soil available phosphorus by 34.34%.
- Treatment
- live B. velezensis biofertilizere1
- Interactor
- B. velezensisBacillus velezensise1symbiont
- Outcome
- available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 34.34%e0
- Comparator
- inactivated B. velezensise1
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These microbial shifts drove soil nutrient optimization, significantly increasing NO 3 ⁻ –N and available phosphorus by 42.06% and 34.34%, respectively ( P < 0.05).”
e1“a field experiment compared inactivated B. velezensis (CK) with live B. velezensis biofertilizer (BV).”
Claim · model-written summary
URE, CAT and INV activities were upregulated, enhancing carbon and nitrogen transformation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Key enzyme activities (URE, CAT, INV) were upregulated, enhancing carbon and nitrogen transformation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nitrogen compounds and nucleotides were upregulated.
- Taxon
- muskmelonCucumis melot0
- Outcome
- organic nitrogen compounds, nucleotidese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolomic analysis revealed upregulation of organic nitrogen compounds, nucleotides, and signaling molecules such as benzothiazepines and saccharolipids”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Signaling molecules including benzothiazepines and saccharolipids were upregulated.
- Taxon
- muskmelonCucumis melot0
- Outcome
- signaling molecules such as benzothiazepines and saccharolipidse0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolomic analysis revealed upregulation of organic nitrogen compounds, nucleotides, and signaling molecules such as benzothiazepines and saccharolipids”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was downregulated.
- Taxon
- muskmelonCucumis melot0
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid biosynthesise0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was downregulated, indicating a metabolic shift from defense to growth promotion.”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic changes indicate resource allocation shifting from defense to growth promotion.
- Taxon
- muskmelonCucumis melot0
- Outcome
- metabolic shift from defense to growth promotione0
- Qualifier
- phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was downregulated, indicating a metabolic shift from defense to growth promotion.”
t0“muskmelon”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial communities correlated positively with soil nutrients and beneficial metabolites in the BV network.
- Treatment
- BVe0
- Outcome
- soil nutrients and beneficial metabolitese0
- Direction
- correlated positivelye0
- Qualifier
- microbial communitiese0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Integrated multi-omics revealed that BV established a “microbe–soil–metabolite” network, where microbial communities correlated positively with soil nutrients and beneficial metabolites, synergistically improving nutrient cycling and energy metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
The BV microbe–soil–metabolite network synergistically improves nutrient cycling and energy metabolism.
- Taxon
- muskmelonCucumis melot0
- Treatment
- BVe0
- Outcome
- nutrient cycling and energy metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- “microbe–soil–metabolite” networke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated multi-omics revealed that BV established a “microbe–soil–metabolite” network, where microbial communities correlated positively with soil nutrients and beneficial metabolites, synergistically improving nutrient cycling and energy metabolism.”
t0“muskmelon”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · soil: chemistry · Cucumis melo (muskmelon)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.