Abstract
Abstract Kiwifruit is prone to rapid softening due to ethylene accumulation and is highly susceptible to microbial infection and decay. To address these two major challenges, a multifunctional film was developed via electrospinning using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and pullulan (PUL) as a composite polymer matrix, and incorporated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and thymol (THY) as photocatalyst and natural antimicrobial agent, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the uniform dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles within the fibers without obvious aggregation. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared results verified the successful integration of anatase TiO2 and THY into the nanofiber film. The nanofiber film nearly completely degraded ethylene (200×10−6) within 4 h under irradiation, corresponding to a degradation rate of 12.5 µL/(g·h). Furthermore, the nanofiber film exhibited 100% antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Botryosphaeria. Compared with PUL/PVA film, the TiO2/THY/PUL/PVA composite film exhibited enhanced thermal stability, ultraviolet absorption capacity, and mechanical strength. Under 4 °C storage condition, the active packaging film extended the shelf life of kiwifruit to more than 35 d, effectively maintained fruit firmness and color, delayed the decline in total soluble solids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins, decelerated weight loss and malondialdehyde accumulation, and markedly suppressed microbial infection. This study provides an effective strategy for developing active packaging materials with ethylene degradation and antimicrobial functions, offering considerable potential for advancing postharvest preservation technologies for kiwifruit and other climacteric fruits.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The film degraded ethylene almost completely within 4 h at a rate of 12.5 µL/(g·h).
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Outcome
- degraded ethylenee0
- Value
- 12.5 µL/(g·h)e0
- Qualifier
- within 4 h under irradiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nanofiber film nearly completely degraded ethylene (200×10−6) within 4 h under irradiation, corresponding to a degradation rate of 12.5 µL/(g·h).”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The film showed 100% antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Escherichia coli
.jpg?width=60)
Escherichia colie0pathogen - Outcome
- antibacterial efficiencye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the nanofiber film exhibited 100% antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Botryosphaeria”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The film showed 100% antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureuse0pathogen - Outcome
- antibacterial efficiencye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nanofiber film exhibited 100% antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Botryosphaeria”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The film showed 100% antibacterial efficiency against Botryosphaeria.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=60)
Botryosphaeriae0pathogen - Outcome
- antibacterial efficiencye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Cesati_%26_DeNotaris_661320.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the nanofiber film exhibited 100% antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Botryosphaeria”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Composite film improved thermal stability, ultraviolet absorption and strength versus PUL/PVA film.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- thermal stability, ultraviolet absorption capacity, and mechanical strengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- PUL/PVA filme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with PUL/PVA film, the TiO2/THY/PUL/PVA composite film exhibited enhanced thermal stability, ultraviolet absorption capacity, and mechanical strength.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
At 4 °C, packaging extended kiwifruit shelf life beyond 35 d.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- active packaging filme0
- Outcome
- shelf life of kiwifruite0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- more than 35 de0
- Setting
- 4 °C storage conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under 4 °C storage condition, the active packaging film extended the shelf life of kiwifruit to more than 35 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging maintained kiwifruit firmness and color.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- active packaging filme1
- Outcome
- fruit firmness and colore0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effectively maintained fruit firmness and color”
t0“kiwifruit”
e1“active packaging film”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging delayed declines in soluble solids, vitamin C and anthocyanins.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- active packaging filme1
- Outcome
- total soluble solids, vitamin C, and anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- delayed the declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“delayed the decline in total soluble solids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins”
t0“kiwifruit”
e1“active packaging film”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging slowed kiwifruit weight loss and malondialdehyde buildup.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- active packaging filme1
- Outcome
- weight loss and malondialdehyde accumulatione0
- Direction
- deceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decelerated weight loss and malondialdehyde accumulation”
t0“kiwifruit”
e1“active packaging film”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging suppressed microbial infection.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- active packaging filme1
- Outcome
- microbial infectione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“markedly suppressed microbial infection”
t0“kiwifruit”
e1“active packaging film”
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