Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is a safe and eco-friendly additive capable of improving the yield and quality of silage. Currently, research on the use of antioxidative lactic acid bacteria in silage production remains limited. Silage inoculated with antioxidative L. plantarum retains more nutrients and exhibits relatively high antioxidant capacity, demonstrating significant potential for enhancing animal health and improving the quality of animal-derived products. The objective of this research was to assess how four strains of L. plantarum with antioxidant properties impact the fermentation characteristics, bacterial composition, and antioxidant capacity of alfalfa silage. Freshly chopped alfalfa was subjected to five different treatments: I.) no inoculation (control); II.) inoculation with L. plantarum S2; III.) inoculation with L. plantarum LP1; IV.) inoculation with L. plantarum LP8; and V.) inoculation with L. plantarum H8. The additives were all added with a dosage of 1 × 106 cfu/g fresh weight and stored for 90 days for sampling and analysis. The research results indicated that, compared with the control group, the addition of four L. plantarum strains had a significant impact on both the quality and microbial community of silage (P < 0.05). The crude protein content in silage inoculated with L. plantarum was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Among all the L. plantarum treatment groups, the LP1 group exhibited the largest increase in crude protein content, with a rise of 10.06%. Compared with the control group, the total phenolic content in silage supplemented with L. plantarum LP8 significantly increased (P < 0.05), with an increase of 13.98%. The silage supplemented with L. plantarum H8 had significantly lower pH and ammonia nitrogen content than the control group (P < 0.05), with decreases of 6.21% and 120%, respectively. Its lactic acid and flavonoid contents significantly increased, with rises of 18.21% and 18.47%, respectively. Moreover, the contents of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities in the silage supplemented with L. plantarum H8 were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In the treatment groups supplemented with L. plantarum, the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus significantly increased (P < 0.05), inhibiting the growth and reproduction of undesirable microorganisms (such as Chryseobacterium and Stenotrophomonas) (P < 0.05). The addition of L. plantarum H8 and LP8 simplified the microbial network of alfalfa silage, while the addition of L. plantarum S2 and LP1 increased the complexity of the microbial network structure. Metabolic function prediction showed that the addition of L. plantarum promoted carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of all four L. plantarum species improved alfalfa silage quality, but L. plantarum H8 was more effective at improving fermentation quality and antioxidant activity.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
The four strains significantly affected silage quality and microbial community relative to control.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- addition of four L. plantarum strainse0
- Interactor
- L. plantarumLactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- quality and microbial community of silagee0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with the control group, the addition of four L. plantarum strains had a significant impact on both the quality and microbial community of silage (P < 0.05)”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
L. plantarum inoculation significantly increased crude protein relative to control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with L. plantarume0
- Interactor
- L. plantarumLactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- crude protein contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The crude protein content in silage inoculated with L. plantarum was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05).”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
LP1 produced the largest crude protein increase, 10.06%.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- LP1 groupe0
- Interactor
- L. plantarumLactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- crude protein contente0
- Direction
- largest increasee0
- Value
- 10.06%e0
- Comparator
- all the L. plantarum treatment groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among all the L. plantarum treatment groups, the LP1 group exhibited the largest increase in crude protein content, with a rise of 10.06%.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
LP8 increased total phenolic content by 13.98% relative to control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemented with L. plantarum LP8e0
- Interactor
- L. plantarum LP8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.98%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control group, the total phenolic content in silage supplemented with L. plantarum LP8 significantly increased (P < 0.05), with an increase of 13.98%.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
H8 decreased silage pH by 6.21% relative to control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemented with L. plantarum H8e0
- Interactor
- L. plantarum H8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 6.21%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The silage supplemented with L. plantarum H8 had significantly lower pH and ammonia nitrogen content than the control group (P < 0.05), with decreases of 6.21% and 120%, respectively.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
H8 reportedly decreased ammonia nitrogen content by 120% relative to control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemented with L. plantarum H8e0
- Interactor
- L. plantarum H8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- ammonia nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 120%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The silage supplemented with L. plantarum H8 had significantly lower pH and ammonia nitrogen content than the control group (P < 0.05), with decreases of 6.21% and 120%, respectively.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
H8 increased lactic acid content by 18.21%.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemented with L. plantarum H8e1
- Interactor
- L. plantarum H8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume1other
- Outcome
- lactic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.21%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Its lactic acid and flavonoid contents significantly increased, with rises of 18.21% and 18.47%, respectively.”
e1“The silage supplemented with L. plantarum H8 had significantly lower pH and ammonia nitrogen content than the control group”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
H8 increased flavonoid contents by 18.47%.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemented with L. plantarum H8e1
- Interactor
- L. plantarum H8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume1other
- Outcome
- flavonoid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.47%e0
- Comparator
- control groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Its lactic acid and flavonoid contents significantly increased, with rises of 18.21% and 18.47%, respectively.”
e1“The silage supplemented with L. plantarum H8 had significantly lower pH and ammonia nitrogen content than the control group”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
H8 significantly increased both reported radical scavenging activities relative to control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- supplemented with L. plantarum H8e0
- Interactor
- L. plantarum H8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the contents of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities in the silage supplemented with L. plantarum H8 were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05)”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
L. plantarum supplementation increased Lactobacillus relative abundance.
- Taxon
- Lactobacillus
Lactobacilluse0 - Treatment
- supplemented with L. plantarume0
- Interactor
- L. plantarumLactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the treatment groups supplemented with L. plantarum, the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus significantly increased (P < 0.05)”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
The increased Lactobacillus abundance inhibited undesirable microorganism growth and reproduction.
- Taxon
- undesirable microorganismse0
- Interactor
- LactobacillusLactobacilluse0other
- Outcome
- growth and reproduction of undesirable microorganismse0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Qualifier
- such as Chryseobacterium and Stenotrophomonase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus significantly increased (P < 0.05), inhibiting the growth and reproduction of undesirable microorganisms (such as Chryseobacterium and Stenotrophomonas) (P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
H8 simplified the alfalfa silage microbial network.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- addition of L. plantarum H8e0
- Interactor
- L. plantarum H8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- microbial networke0
- Direction
- simplifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of L. plantarum H8 and LP8 simplified the microbial network of alfalfa silage”
Claim · model-written summary
LP8 simplified the alfalfa silage microbial network.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- LP8e0
- Interactor
- LP8e0other
- Outcome
- microbial networke0
- Direction
- simplifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of L. plantarum H8 and LP8 simplified the microbial network of alfalfa silage”
Claim · model-written summary
S2 increased microbial network complexity.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of L. plantarum S2e0
- Interactor
- L. plantarum S2Lactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- complexity of the microbial network structuree0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of L. plantarum S2 and LP1 increased the complexity of the microbial network structure”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
LP1 increased microbial network complexity.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- LP1e0
- Interactor
- LP1e0other
- Outcome
- complexity of the microbial network structuree0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of L. plantarum S2 and LP1 increased the complexity of the microbial network structure”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Predicted metabolic function indicated promotion of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism by L. plantarum.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of L. plantarume0
- Interactor
- L. plantarumLactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisme0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metabolic function prediction showed that the addition of L. plantarum promoted carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism (P < 0.05).”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that all four strains improved silage quality, with H8 more effective for fermentation quality and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Interactor
- L. plantarum H8Lactiplantibacillus plantarume0other
- Outcome
- L. plantarum H8 was more effective at improving fermentation quality and antioxidant activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of all four L. plantarum species improved alfalfa silage quality, but L. plantarum H8 was more effective at improving fermentation quality and antioxidant activity.”
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See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.