Abstract
• Lupine affects the species composition of invaded site in early colonization stage • Snow poor winter conditions disadvantaged young lupines • Lupine neighbor affected leaf chlorophyll content two meadow species Mesocosms containing experimental meadow plant communities were subjected to differing winter conditions during two years by means of transfer to different overwintering locations. One is a mainland site where persistent snow cover commonly forms, protecting plants against freezing and fluctuating air temperatures. The other location is an off-coast site in the archipelago of SW Finland where the snow cover is ephemeral, and spring is early but cold. This site was chosen to approximately represent such winter conditions that are expected in mainland Finland as climate warming progresses. Invasion susceptibility was investigated by introducing an invasive legume Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. (Fabaceae) into half of the mesocosms. Plant cover in summer was affected by the preceding winter conditions. Overwintering of juvenile lupines was less successful at the snow poor off-coast site compared to the snow rich mainland site in the first year reducing flowering and leaf production in the following summer. Judging by changes in cover, native meadow plants were generally resilient to snow poor winter conditions. Furthermore, the meadow plants were able to utilize an early and warm spring for abundant growth in the second year. Lupines suppressed the growth of three meadow species; Dianthus deltoides and Rumex acetosella showed marked decreases in cover during the lupines’ early colonization stages, and Trifolium arvense almost disappeared from lupine-inhabited mesocosms. Antennaria dioica , may have benefitted from the nitrogen fixing lupine and showed persistent increases in leaf chlorophyll content. The results show that the lupine causes changes in meadow vegetation already in early phases of colonization.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Overwintering of juvenile lupines was less successful at the snow poor off-coast site than at the snow rich mainland site.
- Taxon
- Lupinus polyphyllus
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Lupinus polyphyllust0 - Treatment
- snow poor off-coast sitee1
- Outcome
- Overwintering of juvenile lupinese1
- Direction
- less successfule1
- Comparator
- snow rich mainland sitee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus)”
e1“Overwintering of juvenile lupines was less successful at the snow poor off-coast site compared to the snow rich mainland site in the first year reducing flowering and leaf production in the following summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Snow poor off-coast winter conditions reduced flowering and leaf production of juvenile lupines in the following summer.
- Taxon
- Lupinus polyphyllusLupinus polyphyllust0
- Treatment
- snow poor off-coast sitee1
- Outcome
- flowering and leaf productione1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Comparator
- snow rich mainland sitee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus)”
e1“Overwintering of juvenile lupines was less successful at the snow poor off-coast site compared to the snow rich mainland site in the first year reducing flowering and leaf production in the following summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Dianthus deltoides showed a marked decrease in cover during early lupine colonization.
- Taxon
- Dianthus deltoides
Dianthus deltoidese1 - Interactor
- lupinese1weed
- Outcome
- covere1
- Direction
- marked decreasese1
- Qualifier
- early colonization stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dianthus deltoides and Rumex acetosella showed marked decreases in cover during the lupines’ early colonization stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Rumex acetosella showed a marked decrease in cover during early lupine colonization.
- Taxon
- Rumex acetosella
Rumex acetosellae1 - Interactor
- lupinese1weed
- Outcome
- covere1
- Direction
- marked decreasese1
- Qualifier
- early colonization stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Dianthus deltoides and Rumex acetosella showed marked decreases in cover during the lupines’ early colonization stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifolium arvense almost disappeared from lupine-inhabited mesocosms.
- Taxon
- Trifolium arvense
Trifolium arvensee1 - Interactor
- lupinee1weed
- Outcome
- almost disappearede1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Trifolium arvense almost disappeared from lupine-inhabited mesocosms”
Claim · model-written summary
Antennaria dioica showed persistent increases in leaf chlorophyll content in lupine-inhabited mesocosms.
- Taxon
- Antennaria dioica
Antennaria dioicae1 - Interactor
- lupinee1weed
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- persistent increasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Antennaria dioica , may have benefitted from the nitrogen fixing lupine and showed persistent increases in leaf chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Antennaria dioica may have benefitted from the nitrogen fixing lupine in leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Antennaria dioicaAntennaria dioicae1
- Interactor
- lupinee1weed
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente1
- Qualifier
- may have benefitted from the nitrogen fixing lupinee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Antennaria dioica , may have benefitted from the nitrogen fixing lupine and showed persistent increases in leaf chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Native meadow plants were generally resilient to snow poor winter conditions, judged by changes in cover.
Verbatim
e1“Judging by changes in cover, native meadow plants were generally resilient to snow poor winter conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Meadow plants used an early and warm spring for abundant growth in the second year.
Verbatim
e1“the meadow plants were able to utilize an early and warm spring for abundant growth in the second year”