Abstract
Eggplant (aubergine or brinjal) is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide which is valued for its richness in dietary fibre and essential minerals such as calcium, iron, phosphorus and potassium. Brinjal is considered a heavy feeder of nutrients due to its long duration and high yield potential. In coastal nutrient-deficient soils, it is often cultivated without adequate nutrient management practices. To address this challenge, field experiments were conducted in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The trials were carried out during the kharif (2022–2023) and rabi (2022–2023) seasons in Ayikuppam village, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc and iron biofortification through fortified organics, optimised NPK and bioactive compounds on the growth, yield and quality of brinjal, as well as on soil properties in coastal saline soil. In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control. This treatment also improved the quality of brinjal and soil properties of coastal land.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The fortified treatment produced significantly higher mean plant height in brinjal (121.97 cm) than control in both seasons.
- Taxon
- brinjal
Solanum melongenae0 - Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e0
- Outcome
- mean plant heighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 121.97 cme0
- Qualifier
- both seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fortified treatment produced significantly higher number of branches in brinjal (40.24) than control in both seasons.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e0
- Outcome
- number of branchese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 40.24e0
- Qualifier
- both seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fortified treatment produced significantly higher number of fruits plant-1 in brinjal (35.97) than control in both seasons.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e0
- Outcome
- number of fruits plant-1e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35.97e0
- Qualifier
- both seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fortified treatment produced significantly higher single fruit weight in brinjal (56.49 g) than control in both seasons.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e0
- Outcome
- single fruit weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 56.49 ge0
- Qualifier
- both seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fortified treatment produced significantly higher fruit length in brinjal (31.77 cm) than control in both seasons.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e0
- Outcome
- fruit lengthe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 31.77 cme0
- Qualifier
- both seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fortified treatment produced significantly higher fruit in brinjal (32.95 t ha-1) than control in both seasons.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 32.95 t ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- both seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The fortified treatment produced significantly higher stover yield in brinjal (47.88 t ha-1) than control in both seasons.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e0
- Outcome
- stover yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 47.88 t ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- both seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment improved brinjal quality.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e1
- Outcome
- quality of brinjale0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also improved the quality of brinjal and soil properties of coastal land.”
e1“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The treatment improved soil properties of coastal land.
- Taxon
- brinjalSolanum melongenae1
- Treatment
- optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS)e1
- Outcome
- soil properties of coastal lande0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also improved the quality of brinjal and soil properties of coastal land.”
e1“In both seasons, biofortification of brinjal with optimised dose of 150 % NPK + Zn and Fe fortified CCP at 6.25 t ha-1 + 50 % ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at 12.5 kg ha-1 along with foliar spray of ZnSO4 & FeSO4 at 0.5 % + Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50 ppm + humic acid (HA) and sea weed extract (SWE) at 0.2 % at vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stages (FS) resulted in significantly higher mean plant height (121.97 cm), number of branches (40.24) number of fruits plant-1 (35.97), single fruit weight (56.49 g), fruit length (31.77 cm), fruit (32.95 t ha-1) and stover yield (47.88 t ha-1) compared to control.”
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8 of 27 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.