Abstract
ABSTRACT Maize ( Zea mays L.) is one of the major grain crops worldwide that is particularly vulnerable to waterlogging (WL) stress. Glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) are known to protect plants from a variety of abiotic stresses; however, their potential for improving WL tolerance in maize remains unexplored. The present study examined the impact of exogenously applied GSH and NO on maize plants exposed to WL‐stress. Our findings revealed that GSH + NO‐treated waterlogged maize plants grew better and produced more biomass than only WL‐stressed plants. The improved performance of GSH + NO‐sprayed WL‐stressed maize seedlings was supported by the increased root dry and fresh weight, shoot length, shoot dry and fresh weight, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoid content. Exogenous GSH and NO treatments significantly enhanced the amounts of leaf proline, leaf soluble sugars, and total protein in maize seedlings, suggesting adaptive metabolic reprogramming under stress. The increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in maize leaves and roots revealed that WL caused significant oxidative damage. Exogenous GSH, NO individually, and combinedly significantly decreased total H 2 O 2 and MDA contents in both leaves and roots. Exogenous GSH and NO reduced oxidative stress by increasing peroxidase activity, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin content in maize leaf and root tissues. Our findings emphasize the possible relevance of GSH and NO, simultaneously and individually, in enhancing adaptive mechanisms in maize seedlings for reducing WL‐induced damage. Although the GSH + NO‐mediated approach shows promise for mitigating WL‐stress in maize under controlled conditions, further field‐based investigations are required to validate its practical applicability.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
GSH + NO treated waterlogged maize plants grew better and produced more biomass than waterlogged plants without treatment.
- Treatment
- GSH + NOe1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- moree1
- Qualifier
- grew bettere1
- Comparator
- only WL‐stressed plantse1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e1“GSH + NO‐treated waterlogged maize plants grew better and produced more biomass than only WL‐stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH + NO treatment increased root dry and fresh weight of waterlogged maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e2“The improved performance of GSH + NO‐sprayed WL‐stressed maize seedlings was supported by the increased root dry and fresh weight, shoot length, shoot dry and fresh weight, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH + NO treatment increased shoot length and shoot dry and fresh weight of waterlogged maize.
- Organ / stage
- shoote2
- Treatment
- GSH + NOe2
- Outcome
- shoot length, shoot dry and fresh weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e2“The improved performance of GSH + NO‐sprayed WL‐stressed maize seedlings was supported by the increased root dry and fresh weight, shoot length, shoot dry and fresh weight, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH + NO treatment increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content of waterlogged maize.
- Treatment
- GSH + NOe2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoid contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e2“The improved performance of GSH + NO‐sprayed WL‐stressed maize seedlings was supported by the increased root dry and fresh weight, shoot length, shoot dry and fresh weight, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and carotenoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GSH and NO treatments significantly enhanced leaf proline, leaf soluble sugars and total protein in maize seedlings.
- Organ / stage
- leafe3
- Treatment
- Exogenous GSH and NOe3
- Outcome
- leaf proline, leaf soluble sugars, and total proteine3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e3“Exogenous GSH and NO treatments significantly enhanced the amounts of leaf proline, leaf soluble sugars, and total protein in maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in maize leaves and roots, indicating significant oxidative damage.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse4
- Treatment
- WLe4
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e4“The increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in maize leaves and roots revealed that WL caused significant oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased hydrogen peroxide accumulation in maize leaves and roots.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse4
- Treatment
- WLe4
- Outcome
- accumulation of hydrogen peroxidee4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e4“The increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in maize leaves and roots revealed that WL caused significant oxidative damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GSH alone significantly decreased total H2O2 and MDA contents in maize leaves and roots under waterlogging.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse5
- Treatment
- Exogenous GSHe5
- Outcome
- total H 2 O 2 and MDA contentse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e5“Exogenous GSH, NO individually, and combinedly significantly decreased total H 2 O 2 and MDA contents in both leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NO alone significantly decreased total H2O2 and MDA contents in maize leaves and roots under waterlogging.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse5
- Treatment
- NOe5
- Outcome
- total H 2 O 2 and MDA contentse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e5“Exogenous GSH, NO individually, and combinedly significantly decreased total H 2 O 2 and MDA contents in both leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined GSH and NO significantly decreased total H2O2 and MDA contents in maize leaves and roots under waterlogging.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse5
- Treatment
- combinedlye5
- Outcome
- total H 2 O 2 and MDA contentse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e5“Exogenous GSH, NO individually, and combinedly significantly decreased total H 2 O 2 and MDA contents in both leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GSH and NO increased peroxidase activity, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content in maize leaf and root tissues.
- Organ / stage
- leaf and root tissuese6
- Treatment
- Exogenous GSH and NOe6
- Outcome
- peroxidase activity, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contente6
- Direction
- increasinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e6“Exogenous GSH and NO reduced oxidative stress by increasing peroxidase activity, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin content in maize leaf and root tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GSH and NO reduced oxidative stress in waterlogged maize seedlings.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Waterlogging Stress Tolerance in Maize”
e6“Exogenous GSH and NO reduced oxidative stress by increasing peroxidase activity, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin content in maize leaf and root tissues”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.