Abstract
• Glutathione (GSH) alone, or in combination with Zn, was found to be effective in reducing the negative effects of high salinity in maize seedlings. • GSH + Zn increased the seed germination and emergence associated with the rapid increase in the simple metabolites of maize seeds. • GSH + Zn decreased the oxidative stress and improved the mineral nutrition of maize seedlings. • GSH + Zn reduced the uptake of Na + , and increased the K + /Na + and Ca 2+ /Na + ratios. The comparative effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) and 0.5 % Zn (applied separately or in combination) were assessed on maize in relation to seed metabolite levels, seedling growth, antioxidative defense mechanism, levels of biochemicals and nutrient acquisition under NaCl stress. The level of applied salinity was 120 mM in Hoagland's nutrient solution. Salinity negatively affected seed germination and the emergence of seedlings; associated with altered seed metabolic activities. The high salinity also elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, altered metabolite levels, reduced uptake of mineral nutrients and increased the uptake of Na + in maize seedlings. Interestingly, the GSH seed priming protocol, when applied alone or with Zn, ameliorated the physiological negativities associated with high salinity upon maize germination, emergence and seedling development. The three millimolar GSH concentration in combination with Zn (0.5 %) improved the germination attributes and emergence of seedlings. The GSH level of 3 mM with Zn was also effective in mitigating the negative impacts of NaCl salinity on seedling growth, associated with better maintenance of physio-biochemical activities, reduced uptake or translocation of Na 2+ , and better maintenance of the increased K + /Na + and Ca 2+ /Na + . The improvement in maize salt stress tolerance, attributed to 3 mM GSH with 0.5 % Zn as seed treatment, was associated with reduced Na + uptake that decreased its toxicity. Based on this study, it is plausible to use a combination of GSH and Zn as seed priming agentsto enhance the physiological resilience of maize growing in areas with high salinity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced maize germination and seedling emergence.
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- seed germination and the emergence of seedlingse0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salinity negatively affected seed germination and the emergence of seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity raised malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species levels.
- Treatment
- high salinitye0
- Outcome
- levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The high salinity also elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity reduced mineral nutrient uptake.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduced uptake of mineral nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity increased sodium uptake.
Zea maysNot reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the uptake of Na + in maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GSH priming alone alleviated salinity effects on maize germination, emergence and development.
- Treatment
- GSH seed priming protocole0
- Outcome
- maize germination, emergence and seedling developmente0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the GSH seed priming protocol, when applied alone or with Zn, ameliorated the physiological negativities associated with high salinity upon maize germination, emergence and seedling development”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined 3 mM GSH and 0.5 % Zn improved germination and seedling emergence.
- Treatment
- three millimolar GSH concentration in combination with Zn (0.5 %)e0
- Outcome
- germination attributes and emergence of seedlingse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The three millimolar GSH concentration in combination with Zn (0.5 %) improved the germination attributes and emergence of seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined GSH and Zn mitigated salinity effects on seedling growth and physiological activity.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The GSH level of 3 mM with Zn was also effective in mitigating the negative impacts of NaCl salinity on seedling growth, associated with better maintenance of physio-biochemical activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined GSH and Zn reduced sodium uptake or translocation.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduced uptake or translocation of Na 2+ ”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined GSH and Zn maintained higher potassium to sodium and calcium to sodium ratios.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“better maintenance of the increased K + /Na + and Ca 2+ /Na +”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose GSH and Zn seed priming for maize in saline areas.
- Outcome
- use a combination of GSH and Zn as seed priming agentsto enhance the physiological resiliencee0
- Qualifier
- areas with high salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is plausible to use a combination of GSH and Zn as seed priming agentsto enhance the physiological resilience of maize growing in areas with high salinity”
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